BACKGROUND: In Europe, survival rates after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) vary widely. Presence/absence and differences in implementation of systems dispatching First Responders (FR) in order to arrive before Emergency Medical Services (EMS) may contribute to this variation. A comprehensive overview of the different types of FR-systems used across Europe is lacking. METHODS: A mixed-method survey and information retrieved from national resuscitation councils and national EMS services were used as a basis for an inventory. The survey was sent to 51 OHCA experts across 29 European countries. RESULTS: Forty-seven (92%) OHCA experts from 29 countries responded to the survey. More than half of European countries had at least one region with a FR-system. Four categories of FR types were identified: (1) firefighters (professional/voluntary); (2) police officers; (3) citizen-responders; (4) others including off-duty EMS personnel (nurses, medical doctors), taxi drivers. Three main roles for FRs were identified: (a) complementary to EMS; (b) part of EMS; (c) instead of EMS. A wide variation in FR-systems was observed, both between and within countries. CONCLUSIONS: Policies relating to FRs are commonly implemented on a regional level, leading to a wide variation in FR-systems between and within countries. Future research should focus on identifying the FR-systems that most strongly influence survival. The large variation in local circumstances across regions suggests that it is unlikely that there will be a 'one-size fits all' FR-system for Europe, but examining the role of FRs in the Chain of Survival is likely to become an increasingly important aspect of OHCA research.
- MeSH
- Databases, Factual MeSH
- Emergency Responders * MeSH
- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Survival Rate MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Emergency Medical Services * statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest therapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Europe MeSH
Avoidance behavior can be a useful parameter for assessing the ability of organisms to escape from pollutants in their environment. For soil evaluation, a variety of invertebrates is used including the oribatid mite Oppia nitens. Here, we tested the avoidance behavior of O. nitens using a two-chamber test and an escape test with exposures to different cadmium concentrations of up to 800 mg kg-1 dry LUFA 2.2 soil for 2, 4, and 6 days, and up to 7 weeks. With the two-chamber method, the oribatid mites had the choice between clean and polluted soils, whereas they were allowed to escape from a box with polluted soil to clean containers without soil with the escape method. Avoidance of cadmium was observed after 2 days in both tests and the net response of the mites in the two-chamber test increased with increasing cadmium exposure concentrations. Mite responses varied through time, especially with the escape method; with the avoidance behavior becoming more variable and overall non-significant with longer test durations. This is the first study investigating the escape test simultaneously with long-term avoidance of cadmium by O. nitens. This mite species is a promising species for avoidance testing in soil ecotoxicology, but more experiments are needed to evaluate the factors that influence its responses in laboratory tests and the consequences for its distribution in contaminated ecosystems.
- MeSH
- Behavior, Animal * MeSH
- Ecotoxicology MeSH
- Cadmium analysis MeSH
- Soil Pollutants * analysis MeSH
- Soil MeSH
- Mites physiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
... Heederik 82 An investigation of regulatory circuits in the development of allergic disease, B. ... ... Computerized Assessment Procedure for the Evaluation and -- Rehabilitation of Brain-damaged Patients (ESCAPE ... ... Robine 204 -- International laboratory based salmonella surveillance (Salm-Net), B. ... ... Rommelaere 311 -- Investigations on the effects of radiation quality and localization of radionuclides ... ... Comprehension of the implied molecular mechanisms and investigation of new adapted types of gels, J. ...
Biomedical and health research, ISSN 0929-6743 vol. 9
xxxix, 744 s. ; 24 cm
- Conspectus
- Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
- NML Fields
- veřejné zdravotnictví
- politologie, politika, zdravotní politika
