The obligate intracellular pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects vertebrate and tick hosts. In this study, a genome-wide search for cytoskeleton components was performed in the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. The available transcriptomics and proteomics data was then used to characterize the mRNA and protein levels of I. scapularis cytoskeleton components in response to A. phagocytophilum infection. The results showed that cytoskeleton components described in other model organisms were present in the I. scapularis genome. One type of intermediate filaments (lamin), a family of septins that was recently implicated in the cellular response to intracellular pathogens, and several members of motor proteins (kinesins and dyneins) that could be implicated in the cytoplasmic movements of A. phagocytophilum were found. The results showed that levels of tubulin, actin, septin, actin-related proteins and motor proteins were affected by A. phagocytophilum, probably to facilitate infection in I. scapularis. Functional studies demonstrated a role for selected cytoskeleton components in pathogen infection. These results provided a more comprehensive view of the cytoskeletal components involved in the response to A. phagocytophilum infection in ticks.
- MeSH
- aktiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum fyziologie MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- cytoskelet genetika metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
- klíště genetika metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
- proteiny členovců genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteomika metody MeSH
- septiny klasifikace genetika metabolismus MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese metody MeSH
- tubulin genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The obligate intracellular pathogen, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, is the causative agent of human, equine, and canine granulocytic anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever (TBF) in ruminants. A. phagocytophilum has become an emerging tick-borne pathogen in the United States, Europe, Africa, and Asia, with increasing numbers of infected people and animals every year. It has been recognized that intracellular pathogens manipulate host cell metabolic pathways to increase infection and transmission in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. However, our current knowledge on how A. phagocytophilum affect these processes in the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis is limited. In this study, a genome-wide search for components of major carbohydrate metabolic pathways was performed in I. scapularis ticks for which the genome was recently published. The enzymes involved in the seven major carbohydrate metabolic pathways glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), glyceroneogenesis, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and β-oxidation were identified. Then, the available transcriptomics and proteomics data was used to characterize the mRNA and protein levels of I. scapularis major carbohydrate metabolic pathway components in response to A. phagocytophilum infection of tick tissues and cultured cells. The results showed that major carbohydrate metabolic pathways are conserved in ticks. A. phagocytophilum infection inhibits gluconeogenesis and mitochondrial metabolism, but increases the expression of glycolytic genes. A model was proposed to explain how A. phagocytophilum could simultaneously control tick cell glucose metabolism and cytoskeleton organization, which may be achieved in part by up-regulating and stabilizing hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha in a hypoxia-independent manner. The present work provides a more comprehensive view of the major carbohydrate metabolic pathways involved in the response to A. phagocytophilum infection in ticks, and provides the basis for further studies to develop novel strategies for the control of granulocytic anaplasmosis.
- MeSH
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum patogenita fyziologie MeSH
- anaplasmóza metabolismus MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- citrátový cyklus genetika MeSH
- glukoneogeneze genetika MeSH
- glykolýza genetika MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu genetika MeSH
- klíště enzymologie genetika metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- metabolické sítě a dráhy genetika MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů genetika MeSH
- mitochondrie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- pentózofosfátový cyklus genetika MeSH
- proteiny členovců chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteomika metody MeSH
- regulace genové exprese fyziologie MeSH
- sacharidy MeSH
- slinné žlázy mikrobiologie MeSH
- terciární struktura proteinů MeSH
- transkriptom genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Babesiosis is an emerging zoonotic disease and various wildlife species are reservoir hosts for zoonotic species of Babesia Starcovici, 1893. The objective of the present study was to investigate the presence and prevalence of Babesia spp. in moose Alces alces (Linnaeus) in two regions of Norway. A total of 99 spleen samples were collected from animals of various ages from an area with the occurrence of the tick Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758), and from an area where the ticks are known to be absent. Infection was detected by the amplification of different regions of the 18S rRNA gene by using two different PCR primer sets specific of Babesia. Babesia spp. were found in the spleen samples of four moose. All Babesia-infected animals were from an area where ticks occur, with an infection rate of 6% (4 of 70). Babesia-positive samples were obtained from a five-month old moose calf and three adults. Two Babesia species, Babesia capreoli (Enigk et Friedhoff, 1962) and a B. odocoilei-like, were identified. Co-infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum was obtained in two animals. This is the first report of the occurrence of B. capreoli and B. odocoilei-like species in moose.
- MeSH
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum fyziologie MeSH
- Babesia genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- babezióza diagnóza epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- ehrlichióza diagnóza veterinární MeSH
- klíště fyziologie MeSH
- koinfekce MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 18S genetika MeSH
- slezina parazitologie MeSH
- vysoká zvěř parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Norsko epidemiologie MeSH
