Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae), a tick primarily associated with rabbits which occurs over much of the western United States, has a fairly large north-to-south distribution, being found from central Idaho southward into northern Mexico. This mostly obscure tick species has recently been the focus of attention due to the discovery of a unique strain of Rickettsia parkeri associated with it which appears closely related to a Rickettsia sp. found in the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil. Historically, a morphological variety of this species was reported in the literature based on significant variation in ornamentation of the tick throughout its range. This study examines several key morphological characters to determine if there are indeed more than one distinct population of this species throughout its range.

• MeSH
• Dermacentor anatomy & histology   classification   MeSH
• Animal Distribution MeSH
• Geography MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Southwestern United States MeSH
• Mexico MeSH

Dermacentor reticulatus is a hard tick species with extraordinary biological features. It has a high reproduction rate, a rapid developmental cycle, and is also able to overcome years of unfavourable conditions. Dermacentor reticulatus can survive under water for several months and is cold-hardy even compared to other tick species. It has a wide host range: over 60 different wild and domesticated hosts are known for the three active developmental stages. Its high adaptiveness gives an edge to this tick species as shown by new data on the emergence and establishment of D. reticulatus populations throughout Europe. The tick has been the research focus of a growing number of scientists, physicians and veterinarians. Within the Web of Science database, more than a fifth of the over 700 items published on this species between 1897 and 2015 appeared in the last three years (2013-2015). Here we attempt to synthesize current knowledge on the systematics, ecology, geographical distribution and recent spread of the species and to highlight the great spectrum of possible veterinary and public health threats it poses. Canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis is a severe leading canine vector-borne disease in many endemic areas. Although less frequently than Ixodes ricinus, D. reticulatus adults bite humans and transmit several Rickettsia spp., Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus or Tick-borne encephalitis virus. We have not solely collected and reviewed the latest and fundamental scientific papers available in primary databases but also widened our scope to books, theses, conference papers and specialists colleagues' experience where needed. Besides the dominant literature available in English, we also tried to access scientific literature in German, Russian and eastern European languages as well. We hope to inspire future research projects that are necessary to understand the basic life-cycle and ecology of this vector in order to understand and prevent disease threats. We conclude that although great strides have been made in our knowledge of the eco-epidemiology of this species, several gaps still need to be filled with basic research, targeting possible reservoir and vector roles and the key factors resulting in the observed geographical spread of D. reticulatus.

• MeSH
• Arachnid Vectors classification   microbiology   parasitology   physiology   MeSH
• Babesia isolation & purification   MeSH
• Babesiosis epidemiology   transmission   MeSH
• Demography MeSH
• Dermacentor classification   microbiology   parasitology   physiology   MeSH
• Ecology MeSH
• Host Specificity MeSH
• Tick Infestations epidemiology   parasitology   MeSH
• Classification MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Tick-Borne Diseases epidemiology   microbiology   parasitology   transmission   MeSH
• Dog Diseases epidemiology   microbiology   parasitology   transmission   MeSH
• Hemorrhagic Fever, Omsk epidemiology   transmission   virology   MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Life Cycle Stages MeSH
• Public Health MeSH
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne isolation & purification   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Geographicals
• Asia epidemiology   MeSH
• Europe epidemiology   MeSH