The plant genome can produce long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), some of which have been identified as important regulators of gene expression. To better understand the response mechanism of rice plants to Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) infection, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis between the RBSDV-infected and non-infected rice plants. A total of 1342 mRNAs and 22 lncRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed after RBSDV infection. Most differentially expressed transcripts involved in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway were upregulated after RBSDV infection, indicating the activation of rice defense response by RBSDV. A network of differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and mRNAs (DEmRNAs) was then constructed. In this network, there are 56 plant-pathogen interaction-related DEmRNAs co-expressing with 20 DElncRNAs, suggesting these DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs may play essential roles in rice innate immunity against RBSDV. Moreover, some of the lncRNA-mRNA regulatory relationships were experimentally verified in rice calli by a quick and effective method established in this study. Three DElncRNAs were selected to be tested, and the results indicated that five mRNAs were found to be regulated by them. Together, we give a whole landscape of rice mRNAs and lncRNAs in response to RBSDV infection, and a feasible method to rapidly verify the lncRNA-mRNA regulatory relationship in rice.

• MeSH
• messenger RNA genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin genetika   virologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA rostlin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné viry genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway can be divided into three phases: 1) small interfering RNA biogenesis, 2) de novo methylation, and 3) chromatin modification. To determine the degree of conservation of this pathway we searched for key genes among land plants. We used OrthoMCL and the OrthoMCL Viridiplantae database to analyze proteomes of species in bryophytes, lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. We also analyzed small RNA size categories and, in two gymnosperms, cytosine methylation in ribosomal DNA. Six proteins were restricted to angiosperms, these being NRPD4/NRPE4, RDM1, DMS3 (defective in meristem silencing 3), SHH1 (SAWADEE homeodomain homolog 1), KTF1, and SUVR2, although we failed to find the latter three proteins in Fritillaria persica, a species with a giant genome. Small RNAs of 24 nt in length were abundant only in angiosperms. Phylogenetic analyses of Dicer-like (DCL) proteins showed that DCL2 was restricted to seed plants, although it was absent in Gnetum gnemon and Welwitschia mirabilis. The data suggest that phases (1) and (2) of the RdDM pathway, described for model angiosperms, evolved with angiosperms. The absence of some features of RdDM in F. persica may be associated with its large genome. Phase (3) is probably the most conserved part of the pathway across land plants. DCL2, involved in virus defense and interaction with the canonical RdDM pathway to facilitate methylation of CHH, is absent outside seed plants. Its absence in G. gnemon, and W. mirabilis coupled with distinctive patterns of CHH methylation, suggest a secondary loss of DCL2 following the divergence of Gnetales.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis genetika   MeSH
• chromatin metabolismus   MeSH
• cykasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• cytosin metabolismus   MeSH
• DNA řízené RNA-polymerasy metabolismus   MeSH
• epigeneze genetická MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genom rostlinný MeSH
• Magnoliopsida enzymologie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• malá interferující RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• malá nekódující RNA chemie   MeSH
• metylace DNA * MeSH
• metylace MeSH
• ribonukleasa III klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• RNA rostlin chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné geny * MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Zm-p60.1 is maize cDNA coding cytokinin-glucoside specific beta-glucosidase. Indigogenic method was used for histochemical localization of Zm-p60.1 beta-glucosidase activity in various developmental stages of transgenic tobacco anthers. Expression of Zm-p60.1 cDNA in T7 tobacco plants is controlled by the CaMV 35S promoter. Another type of tobacco transformant expresses Zm-p60.1 under the control of LAT 52 promoter. Histochemical detection has proved different patterns of beta-glucosidase activity during tobacco pollen development in these two types of transformants. Zm-p60.1 beta-glucosidase activity had not direct influence on pollen germinability.

• MeSH
• beta-glukosidasa genetika   MeSH
• DNA primery genetika   MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny MeSH
• jedovaté rostliny MeSH
• kukuřice setá enzymologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• messenger RNA genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• pyl enzymologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• RNA rostlin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• tabák MeSH
• transformace genetická MeSH