The incidence of tick-borne diseases caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. has been rising in Europe in recent decades. Early pre-assessment of acarological hazard still represents a complex challenge. The aim of this study was to model Ixodes ricinus questing nymph density and its infection rate with B. burgdorferi s.l., A. phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. in five European countries (Italy, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary) in various land cover types differing in use and anthropisation (agricultural, urban and natural) with climatic and environmental factors (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Land Surface Temperature (LST) and precipitation). We show that the relative abundance of questing nymphs was significantly associated with climatic conditions, such as higher values of NDVI recorded in the sampling period, while no differences were observed among land use categories. However, the density of infected nymphs (DIN) also depended on the pathogen considered and land use. These results contribute to a better understanding of the variation in acarological hazard for Ixodes ricinus transmitted pathogens in Central Europe and provide the basis for more focused ecological studies aimed at assessing the effect of land use in different sites on tick-host pathogens interaction.
- MeSH
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum růst a vývoj MeSH
- Borrelia burgdorferi růst a vývoj MeSH
- časoprostorová analýza * MeSH
- gramnegativní bakterie růst a vývoj MeSH
- klíště mikrobiologie MeSH
- nymfa MeSH
- podnebí * MeSH
- Rickettsia růst a vývoj MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
Ultrastructural changes induced by Rickettsia slovaca standard type (ST) and wild type (WT) were examined during their life cycle in L929 and Vero cells. R. slovaca invaded the cytoplasm of the host cell by phagocytosis on the 1st d p.i. Rickettsiae adhering to the cytoplasmic membrane were engulfed by cellular extensions and occurred in phagocytic vacuoles. Binary fission of rickettsia was observed. The nuclear chromatin of eukaryotic cells was rearranged and condensed during 3rd and 6th d p.i. Finally, loss of the plasma membrane integrity, destruction of cytoplasm and nucleus resulted in cell lysis. Degeneration of the host cell caused by WT and ST was observed after 4 and 5 d p.i. in L929 cells and after 3 and 6 d p.i. in Vero cells, respectively. WT type was able to penetrate into the nucleus of the host cell and was responsible for dilatation of the perinuclear space and endoplasmic reticulum, causing more pronounced and different cytopathological changes than the ST.
- MeSH
- buněčná membrána mikrobiologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- buněčné jádro mikrobiologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- Cercopithecus aethiops MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kultivační techniky MeSH
- myši MeSH
- Rickettsia růst a vývoj ultrastruktura MeSH
- rickettsiové infekce mikrobiologie MeSH
- stadia vývoje MeSH
- Vero buňky MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- MeSH
- bakteriologické techniky MeSH
- Dermacentor mikrobiologie MeSH
- Eukaryota izolace a purifikace růst a vývoj MeSH
- klíšťata mikrobiologie MeSH
- laboratorní zvířata mikrobiologie MeSH
- Rickettsia izolace a purifikace růst a vývoj MeSH
- viry izolace a purifikace růst a vývoj MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
