Blackbird Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
- MeSH
- embryo nesavčí anatomie a histologie MeSH
- křídla zvířecí anatomie a histologie MeSH
- morfogeneze MeSH
- ptáci anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Necropsy of two free-ranging common blackbirds (Turdus merula) found dead in central Italy revealed the presence of a high number of cyclocoelid flukes in the coelomatic cavity. Cyclocoelid flukes primarily infect avian respiratory system. Histologically, air sac walls were covered with a fibrinous exudate containing degenerate heterophils, many trematodes and some colonies of Gram-positive cocci. The superficial bronchi and parabronchi were markedly distended, and the adjacent pulmonary parenchyma was congested and collapsed. Trematodes, surrounded by a mild suppurative to pyogranulomatous inflammatory reaction, were also observed on the pericardial, intestinal, kidney and hepatic serosal surfaces. The death of the two examined birds was likely due to the high parasite load and associated severe lesions. At parasitological examination, flukes showed a tongue-shaped elongate body, tapered anteriorly and rounded posteriorly, of 2,088-2,314 μm in width and 8,268-11,830 μm in length. The mouth was slightly oval and sub-terminal, with a small oral sucker. The oval pharynx measured 250-309 μm, and the two caeca joined posteriorly. Two large (550-702 μm × 450-520 μm) globular testes were situated obliquely to each other, whereas an oval (250 × 300 μm in mean) or round (about 334 μm in diameter) intertesticular ovary was placed in a longitudinal straight line with the testes. The ootype was about 110 μm in diameter, while the brown-yellow eggs measured 131.5 × 73.9 μm in mean. The genital pore was post-pharyngeal, while the symmetrically arranged vitelline glands were not confluent posteriorly. Morphoflogical diagnosis led to the identification of Morishitium polonicum, a cyclocoelid fluke species that typically inhabits the air sacs of blackbirds. The morphological diagnosis was corroborated by molecular phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial (CO1, ND1) DNA loci. The present study provides the first report of pathological lesions and death caused by M. polonicum in birds.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In the present study we investigated two ecologically distinct populations of T. merula for the presence of helminths. We wished to determine whether urban populations of blackbirds had reduced helminth fauna compared to birds from forest habitats. Birds were caught in two ecologically distinct sites located in the eastern part of the Czech Republic. A total of 320 birds were examined. The first site was located in Prerov where the birds were obtained from a typical urban population, and the second site was Zahlinice, which constitutes a typical forest area. As a result of parasitological examination, 30 helminth species belonging to Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda and Acanthocephala were recorded from both sites: 29 species were found in the forested site and 15 in the urban site. The overall prevalence of infection was 93.1% and differed significantly between the sites (Zahlinice 97.2%, Prerov 85.1%). The mean species richness was almost three times higher in the forest population (3.37 ± 0.10) than in the urban one (1.78 ± 0.11). The clear qualitative and quantitative differences in the helminth community of T. merula obtained from two ecologically disparate localities show that urbanization leads to a significant reduction in the helminth fauna of a bird which is highly adapted to synanthropic habitats, while still remaining common in its original forest habitat.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- cizopasní červi klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- helmintózy zvířat parazitologie MeSH
- nemoci ptáků parazitologie MeSH
- zpěvní ptáci parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The central European lineage of Usutu virus was isolated from a blackbird (Turdus merula), which was found dead in the city of Brno, Czech Republic, in 2011. The virus RNA was detected in two other dead blackbirds in Brno during 2012.
- MeSH
- analýza přežití MeSH
- demografie MeSH
- DNA primery genetika MeSH
- Flavivirus genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- infekce viry z rodu Flavivirus epidemiologie veterinární MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- mozek virologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nemoci ptáků epidemiologie virologie MeSH
- Passeriformes virologie MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí veterinární MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Lyme borreliosis (LB), caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex, is one of the most common vector-borne zoonotic diseases in Europe. Knowledge about the enzootic circulation of Borrelia pathogens between ticks and their vertebrate hosts is epidemiologically important and enables assessment of the health risk for the human population. In our project, we focused on the following vertebrate species: European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), Northern white-breasted hedgehog (E. roumanicus), Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), and Common blackbird (Turdus merula). The cadavers of accidentally killed animals used in this study constitute an available source of biological material, and we have confirmed its potential for wide monitoring of B. burgdorferi s.l. presence and genospecies diversity in the urban environment. High infection rates (90% for E. erinaceus, 73% for E. roumanicus, 91% for S. vulgaris, and 68% for T. merula) were observed in all four target host species; mixed infections by several genospecies were detected on the level of individuals, as well as in particular tissue samples. These findings show the usefulness of multiple tissue sampling as tool for revealing the occurrence of several genospecies within one animal and the risk of missing particular B. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies when looking in one organ alone.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Blackbirds (Turdus merula) and song thrushes (Turdus philomelos) were found to carry 95% of all spirochete-infected tick larvae among 40 bird species captured in Central Europe. More than 90% of the infections were typed as Borrelia garinii and Borrelia valaisiana. We conclude that thrushes are key players in the maintenance of these spirochete species in this region of Central Europe.
- MeSH
- Borrelia burgdorferi komplex genetika MeSH
- infekce bakteriemi rodu Borrelia epidemiologie veterinární MeSH
- klíšťata genetika mikrobiologie MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- nemoci ptáků mikrobiologie MeSH
- Passeriformes mikrobiologie parazitologie MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- regresní analýza MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární MeSH
- zdroje nemoci mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
Proventriculus and intestinal samples from 70 North American red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus; order Passeriformes) were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium by PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), actin, and 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) genes. Twelve birds (17.1 %) were positive for the Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene: six birds were positive at the proventriculus site only and six birds were positive at the proventriculus and intestinal sites. Sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA, actin and HSP70 genes showed the presence of the gastric species Cryptosporidium galli in a single proventriculus sample and a closely related genotype, which we have named Cryptosporidium avian genotype VI, in all other positive samples. These findings contribute to our understanding of Cryptosporidium diversification in passerines, the largest avian order.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium klasifikace MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- kryptosporidióza epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- nemoci ptáků epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- Passeriformes * MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- proteiny tepelného šoku HSP70 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 18S genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Spojené státy americké epidemiologie MeSH
Avian brood parasitism is an exceptional reproductive strategy whereby parasites reduce their own costs associated with parental care and impose them on the host parents. Consequently, host species have evolved multiple defensive mechanisms to combat parasitism. The vast majority of research attention to date has examined host defenses to recognize and reject parasitic eggs. The recently proposed "egg arrangement hypothesis" suggests that hosts may not focus solely on individual eggs' features, but instead the overall arrangement of the clutch may also provide a cue that parasitism has occurred. Correlative data revealed that host females maintaining a consistent egg arrangement across the incubation period were more likely to reject foreign egg models than females that did not keep a consistent egg arrangement. Here, we provide the first experimental test of this hypothesis in the European blackbird (Turdus merula). We experimentally parasitized nests such that the egg arrangement was either disrupted or not disrupted. We found no evidence that altered egg arrangement was used as a cue for egg rejection by host females. Therefore, we suggest that females that keep consistent egg arrangement are more likely to eject foreign eggs for other correlated reasons. Thus, egg arrangement does not serve as an independent cue to trigger egg rejection responses to parasitism in this host species.
- MeSH
- hnízdění * MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
- ovum * MeSH
- zpěvní ptáci * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
