The FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene is the essential integrator of flowering regulatory pathways in angiosperms. The paralogs of the FT gene may perform antagonistic functions, as exemplified by BvFT1, that suppresses flowering in Beta vulgaris, unlike the paralogous activator BvFT2. The roles of FT genes in other amaranths were less investigated. Here, we transformed Arabidopsis thaliana with the FLOWERING LOCUS T like (FTL) genes of Chenopodium ficifolium and found that both CfFTL1 and CfFTL2-1 accelerated flowering, despite having been the homologs of the Beta vulgaris floral promoter and suppressor, respectively. The floral promotive effect of CfFTL2-1 was so strong that it caused lethality when overexpressed under the 35S promoter. CfFTL2-1 placed in an inducible cassette accelerated flowering after induction with methoxyphenozide. The spontaneous induction of CfFTL2-1 led to precocious flowering in some primary transformants even without chemical induction. The CqFT2-1 homolog from Chenopodium quinoa had the same impact on viability and flowering as CfFTL2-1 when transferred to A. thaliana. After the FTL gene duplication in Amaranthaceae, the FTL1 copy maintained the role of floral activator. The second copy FTL2 underwent subsequent duplication and functional diversification, which enabled it to control the onset of flowering in amaranths to adapt to variable environments.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Chenopodium * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• květy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin genetika   MeSH
• semenáček metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The effect of recalcitrant soil and water pollutant 2,4,6-trinitrotoluen (TNT) on gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes and roots was studied separately for the first time using microarrays. Seven-day exposure to TNT resulted in 170 up- and 122 down-regulated genes in the rosettes and 61 up- and 51 down-regulated genes in the roots (expression difference > 1.5-fold; p[t test] < 0.05). TNT concentration, 5 µg/ml, was selected according to the dose response analysis and study of TNT uptake from liquid media. Although many TNT induced genes fell into ontology groups annotated as response to biotic and abiotic stresses in rosettes and roots, only a small overlap of TNT effects on transcriptome was observed between rosettes and roots. The rosettes exhibited induction of several genes associated with toxin metabolism, such as UDP-glycosyltransferases and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family transporters. On the other side, no genes known to be involved in TNT transformation were found to be up-regulated in the roots. The genes coding for enzymes involved in the cell wall modifications were abundantly up-regulated in roots. Microarray data indicated that after a relatively long incubation with TNT (7 days), metabolism of this xenobiotic proceeded mainly in aerial parts, while its translocation into cell walls still took place in the roots. Results obtained by microarray hybridization were validated by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR. Nitrate reductase 1, several glycosyltransferases and ABC transporters, sucrose-proton symporter 2, thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase 2, and gamma-glutamyltransferase are discussed for their potential to enhance detoxification and toleration capability of plants to TNT.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis anatomie a histologie   účinky léků   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• membránové transportní proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolická inaktivace MeSH
• mikročipová analýza MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• transferasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• trinitrotoluen farmakokinetika   farmakologie   MeSH
• výbušné látky farmakokinetika   farmakologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Although rapid changes in copy number and gene order are common within plant mitochondrial genomes, associated patterns of gene transcription are underinvestigated. Previous studies have shown that the gynodioecious plant species Silene vulgaris exhibits high mitochondrial diversity and occasional paternal inheritance of mitochondrial markers. Here we address whether variation in DNA molecular markers is correlated with variation in transcription of mitochondrial genes in S. vulgaris collected from natural populations. RESULTS: We analyzed RFLP variation in two mitochondrial genes, cox1 and atp1, in offspring of ten plants from a natural population of S. vulgaris in Central Europe. We also investigated transcription profiles of the atp1 and cox1 genes. Most DNA haplotypes and transcription profiles were maternally inherited; for these, transcription profiles were associated with specific mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. One individual exhibited a pattern consistent with paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA; this individual exhibited a transcription profile suggestive of paternal but inconsistent with maternal inheritance. We found no associations between gender and transcript profiles. CONCLUSIONS: Specific transcription profiles of mitochondrial genes were associated with specific mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in a natural population of a gynodioecious species S. vulgaris.Our findings suggest the potential for a causal association between rearrangements in the plant mt genome and transcription product variation.

• MeSH
• DNA rostlinná genetika   MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• mitochondriální geny MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• populační genetika MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Silene genetika   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• typy dědičnosti MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• biotechnologie MeSH
• vývojová biologie MeSH
• výzkum organizace a řízení   pracovní síly   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• biografie MeSH
• rozhovory MeSH

• O autorovi
• Sutovsky, Peter, 1967- Autorita