Usutu virus (USUV) je emergentní patogen přenášený komáry, taxonomicky náleží do rodu Flavivirus čeledi Flaviviridae. Tento původně africký arbovirus v roce 2001 způsobil hromadné hynutí ptactva v okolí Vídně a poté se rozšířil prakticky po celé střední, jižní a západní Evropě. USUV je primárně patogenní pro některé druhy pěvců, především kosy černé (Turdus merula), avšak patogenita byla prokázána i u řady jiných druhů, zejména z řádů dravců a sov. V posledních letech přibývá případů infekce u člověka. Cílem práce je podat ucelené informace o taxonomii viru, jeho genomu, životním cyklu včetně komářích vektorů a obratlovčích rezervoárů, endemickém výskytu v Africe i následném expanzivním šíření v Evropě, surveillanci v jednotlivých evropských státech, patogenitě viru pro obratlovce včetně popisu onemocnění, jež způsobuje, laboratorní diagnostice a dostupné léčbě.

Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen belonging to the genus Flavivirus and family Flaviviridae. This African arbovirus caused a large bird die-off near Vienna in 2001. Since then the virus spread in Central, Southern and Western Europe. USUV is a primarily pathogen of birds, highly pathogenic especially for blackbirds (Turdus merula), but with proven pathogenicity for other bird species, mainly from orders Accipitriformes and Strigiformes. However, the number of human cases of USUV infection has increased recently. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on USUV taxonomy, its genome, transmission cycle involving mosquitoes as vectors and vertebrate hosts, endemic occurrence in Africa and expansive spread in Europe, surveillance in individual European countries, pathology and clinical manifestations in vertebrates, laboratory diagnosis of infection and available treatment.

• Klíčová slova
• Usutu virus,
• MeSH
• Flavivirus patogenita   MeSH
• infekce viry z rodu Flavivirus * epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• komáří přenašeči MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• surveillance, zavlečení do Evropy,
• MeSH
• japonská encefalitida diagnóza   etiologie   přenos   MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí metody   MeSH
• kousnutí a bodnutí hmyzem MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

BACKGROUND: Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are a major public health threat in many countries worldwide. In Central Europe, West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV), both belonging to the Japanese encephalitis virus group (Flaviviridae) have emerged in the last decennium. Surveillance of mosquito vectors for arboviruses is a sensitive tool to evaluate virus circulation and consequently to estimate the public health risk. METHODS: Mosquitoes (Culicidae) were collected at South-Moravian (Czech Republic) fishponds between 2010 and 2014. A total of 61,770 female Culex modestus Ficalbi mosquitoes, pooled to 1,243 samples, were examined for flaviviruses by RT-PCR. RESULTS: One pool proved positive for USUV RNA. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this Czech USUV strain is closely related to Austrian and other Central European strains of the virus. In addition, nine strains of WNV lineage 2 were detected in Cx. modestus collected in the same reed bed ecosystem. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first detection of USUV in Cx. modestus. The results indicate that USUV and WNV may co-circulate in a sylvatic cycle in the same habitat, characterised by the presence of water birds and Cx. modestus mosquitoes, serving as hosts and vectors, respectively, for both viruses.

• MeSH
• arboviry genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Culex virologie   MeSH
• Culicidae virologie   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• encefalitida přenášená členovci epidemiologie   MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hmyz - vektory virologie   MeSH
• infekce viry z rodu Flavivirus epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• virus západního Nilu genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• viry japonské encefalitidy genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• západonilská horečka epidemiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

Monitoring infectious diseases is a crucial part of preventive veterinary medicine in zoological collections. This zoo environment contains a great variety of animal species that are in contact with wildlife species as a potential source of infectious diseases. Wild birds may be a source of West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu (USUV) virus, which are both emerging pathogens of rising concern. The aim of this study was to use zoo animals as sentinels for the early detection of WNV and USUV in Slovenia. In total, 501 sera from 261 animals of 84 animal species (including birds, rodents, lagomorphs, carnivores, ungulates, reptiles, equids, and primates) collected for 17 years (2002-2018) were tested for antibodies to WNV and USUV. Antibodies to WNV were detected by indirect immunofluorescence tests in 16 (6.1%) of 261 animals representing 10 species, which were sampled prior to the first active cases of WNV described in 2018 in Slovenia in humans, a horse, and a hooded crow (Corvus cornix). Antibodies to USUV were detected in 14 out of 261 animals tested (5.4%) that were positive prior to the first positive cases of USUV infection in common blackbirds (Turdus merula) in Slovenia. The study illustrates the value of zoological collections as a predictor of future emerging diseases.

• MeSH
• Flavivirus imunologie   MeSH
• infekce viry z rodu Flavivirus krev   diagnóza   epidemiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• neutralizující protilátky krev   MeSH
• protilátky virové krev   MeSH
• virus západního Nilu imunologie   MeSH
• západonilská horečka krev   diagnóza   epidemiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata v ZOO klasifikace   virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovinsko MeSH

The central European lineage of Usutu virus was isolated from a blackbird (Turdus merula), which was found dead in the city of Brno, Czech Republic, in 2011. The virus RNA was detected in two other dead blackbirds in Brno during 2012.

• MeSH
• analýza přežití MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• DNA primery genetika   MeSH
• Flavivirus genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• infekce viry z rodu Flavivirus epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• mozek virologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• Passeriformes virologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí veterinární   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• přenos, endemizace, rezidentní patogen, surveillance,
• MeSH
• Culicidae patogenita   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• endemické nemoci MeSH
• Flaviviridae patogenita   MeSH
• infekce viry z rodu Flavivirus diagnóza   prevence a kontrola   přenos   MeSH
• japonská encefalitida MeSH
• klinický obraz nemoci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• riziko MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Monitoring West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) activity now has the highest priority among mosquito-borne pathogenic viruses circulating in the European Union. This study documents a first time detection and the co-circulation of WNV lineage-2 (with the minimal prevalence of 0.46%) and USUV clade Europe 2 (with the minimal prevalence of 0.25%) in mosquitoes from the same habitat of south-western Slovakia and underlines necessity to perform rigorous surveillance in birds, mosquitoes, horses and humans in that country.

• MeSH
• Culex virologie   MeSH
• Culicidae virologie   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• Flavivirus genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• infekce viry z rodu Flavivirus epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• komáří přenašeči virologie   MeSH
• koně virologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• ptáci virologie   MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví MeSH
• virus západního Nilu genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• západonilská horečka epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

We present epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings of five Czech patients diagnosed with autochthonous mosquito-borne disease-four patients with confirmed West Nile virus (WNV) and one patient with Usutu virus (USUV) infections, from July to October 2018, including one fatal case due to WNV. This is the first documented human outbreak caused by WNV lineage 2 in the Czech Republic and the first record of a neuroinvasive human disease caused by USUV, which illustrates the simultaneous circulation of WNV and USUV in the country.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BackgroundDespite the known circulation of West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) in Slovakia, no formal entomological surveillance programme has been established there thus far.AimTo conduct contemporaneous surveillance of WNV and USUV in different areas of Slovakia and to assess the geographical spread of these viruses through mosquito vectors. The first autochthonous human WNV infection in the country is also described.MethodsMosquitoes were trapped in four Slovak territorial units in 2018 and 2019. Species were characterised morphologically and mosquito pools screened for WNV and USUV by real-time reverse-transcription PCRs. In pools with any of the two viruses detected, presence of pipiens complex group mosquitoes was verified using molecular approaches.ResultsAltogether, 421 pools containing in total 4,508 mosquitoes were screened. Three pools tested positive for WNV and 16 for USUV. USUV was more prevalent than WNV, with a broader spectrum of vectors and was detected over a longer period (June-October vs August for WNV). The main vectors of both viruses were Culex pipiens sensu lato. Importantly, WNV and USUV were identified in a highly urbanised area of Bratislava city, Slovakias' capital city. Moreover, in early September 2019, a patient, who had been bitten by mosquitoes in south-western Slovakia and who had not travelled abroad, was laboratory-confirmed with WNV infection.ConclusionThe entomological survey results and case report increase current understanding of the WNV and USUV situation in Slovakia. They underline the importance of vector surveillance to assess public health risks posed by these viruses.

• MeSH
• Culex * MeSH
• Culicidae * MeSH
• Flavivirus * genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• virus západního Nilu * genetika   MeSH
• západonilská horečka * diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

The emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) in addition to the autochthonous tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in Europe causes rising concern for public and animal health. The first equine case of West Nile neuroinvasive disease in Austria was diagnosed in 2016. As a consequence, a cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted in 2017, including 348 equids from eastern Austria. Serum samples reactive by ELISA for either flavivirus immunoglobulin G or M were further analyzed with the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT-80) to identify the specific etiologic agent. Neutralizing antibody prevalences excluding vaccinated equids were found to be 5.3% for WNV, 15.5% for TBEV, 0% for USUV, and 1.2% for WNV from autochthonous origin. Additionally, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to detect WNV nucleic acid in horse sera and was found to be negative in all cases. Risk factor analysis did not identify any factors significantly associated with seropositivity.

• MeSH
• endemické nemoci veterinární   MeSH
• Equidae virologie   MeSH
• Flavivirus imunologie   MeSH
• infekce viry z rodu Flavivirus epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• klíšťová encefalitida epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• koně MeSH
• nemoci koní epidemiologie   MeSH
• protilátky virové krev   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• virus západního Nilu imunologie   MeSH
• viry klíšťové encefalitidy imunologie   MeSH
• západonilská horečka epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Rakousko MeSH