We review the progress achieved during the recent five years in immunochemical biosensors (immunosensors) combined with nanoparticles for enhanced sensitivity. The initial part introduces antibodies as classic recognition elements. The optical sensing part describes fluorescent, luminescent, and surface plasmon resonance systems. Amperometry, voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy represent electrochemical transducer methods; electrochemiluminescence with photoelectric conversion constitutes a widely utilized combined method. The transducing options function together with suitable nanoparticles: metallic and metal oxides, including magnetic ones, carbon-based nanotubes, graphene variants, luminescent carbon dots, nanocrystals as quantum dots, and photon up-converting particles. These sources merged together provide extreme variability of existing nanoimmunosensing options. Finally, applications in clinical analysis (markers, tumor cells, and pharmaceuticals) and in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms, toxic agents, and pesticides in the environmental field and food products are summarized.
- MeSH
- Biosensing Techniques * MeSH
- Immunoassay * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Nanoparticles chemistry MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
Metody pro studium jednotlivých biomolekul pomáhají objasnit jejich vlastnosti jinak skryté při měřeních v celém objemu vzorku. Velmi významnou metodou pro výzkum chování jednotlivých biomolekul je luminiscenční mikroskopie. Luminiscenční značky, které vykazují fotonovou up‑konverzi, přináší nové možnosti v této oblasti. Předpokládá se, že zjednoduší a přinesou větší rozšíření metod pro vizualizaci jednotlivých biomolekul, např. membránových receptorů, studium jejich interakcí v reálném čase a rovněž nové možnosti pro detekci jednotlivých biomolekul.
Single molecule methods allow us to explain properties of biomolecules on single molecule level, which are not apparent from bulk experiments. Luminescence microscopy is a very important method for single molecule experiments. Novel luminescent labels, which exhibit photon up‑conversion, revealed new possibilities in this field. It is considered that photon up‑conversion nanoparticles will allow for next development of single molecule methods and facilitate for visualization of individual biomolecules, e.g., membrane receptors, studies of their interactions in real time and also provide new possibilities for the detection of individual biomolecules.
