• MeSH
• antibiotická rezistence MeSH
• bakteriální infekce etiologie   farmakoterapie   klasifikace   MeSH
• digitální technologie * metody   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy metody   MeSH
• infekce etiologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti klasifikace   metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• mikrobiologie * MeSH
• mikrobiota MeSH
• umělá inteligence MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Different plants are used for the treatment of various ailments and Acorus calamus L. is one such plant found in Western Himalaya. Rhizome of this plants has ethnomedicinal significance, as its rhizome is used for curing fever, pain and inflammation. An attempt has been made to alter the phytochemicals and increase its antioxidant property in a sustainable way with the help of mycorrhizal inoculation. AIM OF THE STUDY: Study of mycorrhizal (Funneliformis mosseae) impact on the biological activities and phytochemical profile of A. calamus L. rhizome and in silico studies of phytochemicals for their anti-inflammatory property. MATERIALS AND METHODS: F. mosseae was mass multiplied by single spore culture and then A. calamus rhizomes were inoculated with it. Antioxidant potential of rhizome extract was observed by DPPH and FRAP assays and the phytochemical profiling was done with GC-MS analysis. For observing antimicrobial activity disc diffusion method was employed. Dominant phytochemicals α-asarone and monolinolein TMS were chosen for molecular docking studies against four receptors (4COX, 2AZ5, 5I1B, 1ALU). RESULTS: There was increase in antioxidant activity of rhizome extract after mycorrhizal inoculation. However, no change in antimicrobial activity was observed in the plant after mycorrhizal inoculation. The comparison in phytochemicals was observed by GC-MS analysis which showed qualitative and quantitative variation in biochemical content in plants. The phytochemical, α-asarone and monolinolein TMS showed highest docking score and least binding energy against 1ALU and 4COX respectively for anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSION: Medicinal plants are potential source of antioxidants which can be increased by mycorrhizal inoculation without addition of chemical fertilizers and also results in altering the phytochemical composition.

• MeSH
• antiflogistika izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• antioxidancia izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• fytonutrienty izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• houby fyziologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza fyziologie   MeSH
• oddenek MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• puškvorec chemie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty farmakologie   MeSH
• simulace molekulového dockingu MeSH
• tradiční lékařství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

• MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy metody   MeSH
• Klebsiella oxytoca izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti metody   MeSH
• Rhodococcus equi izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Shigella sonnei izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Streptococcus pneumoniae izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• testování odbornosti laboratoří * MeSH

Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection in immunocompetent patients, whereas in immunocompromised, it may be systemic and disseminated infection associated with high mortality. Mucormycosis is one of the most rapidly progressing and fulminant forms of fungal infections; Mucor circinelloides is rarely isolated species, also from immunocompromised patients. The reported case of mucormycosis after a traffic accident indicates that it may be the result of a contamination of wound by M. circinelloides coming from the environment. The fungal strain was identified by phenotypic methods and confirmed by molecular methods. Etest method was used for susceptibility testing of the fungal strain. No mycotoxins were detected in the analyzed sample. The infection was successfully treated with amphotericin B, but amputation of the lower limb was necessary.

• MeSH
• amputace MeSH
• antifungální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• dolní končetina patologie   MeSH
• dopravní nehody * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Mucor genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• mukormykóza diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

Besides natural and acquired mechanisms of resistance, bacteria can cope with presence of antibiotics by using complex mechanisms such as persistence or tolerance. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability of newly developed Tolerance Disk Test (TDtest) (Gefen et al., 2017) to detect persistent or tolerant bacterial cells in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. The principle of the test is to resuscitate the subpopulation of persistent or tolerant bacterial cells following a disk diffusion test by glucose. Results of the TDtest were evaluated using time killing experiments for three pairs of consecutive S. aureus isolates from lower respiratory airway samples of three cystic fibrosis patients with chronic staphylococcal infections. TDtest enabled semi-quantitative detection of persistent or tolerant bacterial populations in all analyzed isolates for oxacillin, vancomycin, and ciprofloxacin to which isolates studied were susceptible. Therefore, TDtest is a promising method for rapidly determining persistence/tolerance in clinical isolates of S. aureus.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• cystická fibróza mikrobiologie   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy metody   MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• infekce dýchací soustavy mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Enteric-fever is a major public-health problem in developing countries emerging as multidrug-resistant, Nalidixic-acid resistant and extremely drug-resistant Salmonella (Pakistan, 2016), has intensified the use of WHO watch/reserve group antimicrobials such as azithromycin and meropenem. METHODS: This ambispective-study was conducted on 782 non-repeat blood-culture isolates of S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A and S. Paratyphi B obtained from 29,184 blood cultures received at a 1000-bedded tertiary-care hospital of North-India from 2011-2017. Identification and antibiograms were obtained by Vitek-2 compact and Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion with resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole being labeled as multidrug-resistant. Decreased ciprofloxacin-susceptibility and ciprofloxacin-resistance were defined as MIC 0.125-0.5 and >1 μg/ml. RESULTS: S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A in a ratio of 3.9:1 were seen between July-September predominantly distributed between 6-45 year age group. Resistance to co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone and azithromycin was 6.1%, 13.8%, 16.1 and 5.78% respectively. Multidrug-resistant S. typhi and S. paratyphi A were 2.73% and 1.91% respectively. CONCLUSION: Enteric-fever is a major public-health problem in India. Emergence of multidrug-resistant, Nalidixic-acid resistant and extremely-drug resistant Salmonella mandates ongoing surveillance for targeted empirical therapy and containment of spread. Repeated epidemics call for water, sanitation, hygiene and vaccination strategies to sustain herd-immunity.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• břišní tyfus farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• centra terciární péče MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Salmonella paratyphi A izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Salmonella paratyphi B izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Salmonella typhi izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Arcobacter spp. are considered to be potential foodborne pathogens, and consumption of contaminated food containing these bacteria could endanger human and animal health. Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus are the species most frequently isolated from food of animal origin and from other samples. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of arcobacters isolated in the Czech Republic. No information about antibiotic susceptibility and multidrug resistance of arcobacters isolated in the Czech Republic is available in the literature before now. METHODS: The antimicrobial resistance of A. butzleri (n=80) and A. cryaerophilus (n=20) isolated from meat of animal origin, water sources and clinical samples was examined by the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: Arcobacters were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents in 99% (99/100) of tested isolates. Most of the Arcobacter isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, i.e. ampicillin (81.0%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (28.0%), cefalotin (73.0%) and aztreonam (93.0%). Arcobacters were also frequently resistant to lincosamides, i.e. clindamycin (98.0%). Of the aminoglycosides, amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin were evaluated to be the most effective antibiotics among those tested against arcobacters. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate substantial resistance in Arcobacter isolates to 18 antimicrobial agents commonly used in medical and veterinary medicine. Multidrug resistance was found in 93.8% (75/80) of A. butzleri isolates and 70.0% (14/20) of A. cryaerophilus isolates.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Arcobacter účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• gramnegativní bakteriální infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody * MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

In 2011-2012, a survey was performed in three regional hospitals in the Czech Republic to determine the incidence of Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) and to characterize bacterial isolates. C. difficile isolates were characterized by PCR ribotyping, toxin genes detection, multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to fidaxomicin, vancomycin, metronidazole, clindamycin, LFF571, and moxifloxacin using agar dilution method. The incidence of CDI in three studied hospitals was 145, 146, and 24 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2011 and 177, 258, and 67 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2012. A total of 64 isolates of C. difficile was available for molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 60.9% of the isolates were classified as ribotype 176. All 41 isolates of ribotypes 176 and 078 were positive for the presence of binary toxin genes. Ribotype 176 also carried 18-bp deletion in the regulatory gene tcdC. Tested isolates of C. difficile were fully susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole, whereas 65.1% of the isolates were resistant to moxifloxacin. MLVA results indicated that isolates from three different hospitals were genetically related, suggesting transmission between healthcare facilities.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• Clostridioides difficile klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• klostridiové infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• minisatelitní repetice MeSH
• molekulární typizace * MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• ribotypizace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

Escherichia coli can cause serious infections in the neonates and pregnant women. Although E. coli is widely studied, E. coli lactose-negative (lac-) strains have been rarely described before. So, the aim of this study was to compare lac- and lactose-positive (lac+) E. coli strains in respect of antimicrobial susceptibility and the frequency of virulence genes (VGs). The study included 58 lac+ and 58 lac- E. coli strains isolated from pregnant women and neonates. Culture and the results of biochemical reactions were conducted for lac- and lac+ E. coli identification and differentiation. Disc diffusion test was performed to study the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates, and PCR was used to detect VGs. Resistance to at least one of the tested antibiotics was found among 14 (25.9%) E. coli lac+ and in 26 (44.9%) E. coli lac- strains. Both lac+ and lac- E. coli strains were mostly resistant to ampicillin (22.4 and 39.7%) and ticarcillin (20.7 and 39.7%). None of the tested strains produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Genes fimH, fimA, iutA, sfa/foc, neuC, ibeA, and hlyF were detected, respectively, in 96.6, 82.8, 32.8, 24.1, 22.4, 12.1, and 6.9% of lac+ E. coli strains and in 94.8, 86.2, 48.3, 19.0, 8.6, 8.6, and 1.7% of lac- strains. The antimicrobial susceptibility and the pathogenic potential of both tested groups of E. coli strains are similar. Therefore, omitting E. coli lac- strains as a potential etiological agent of infections may pose a threat to the health and life of both mothers and neonates.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• faktory virulence analýza   genetika   MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekční komplikace v těhotenství mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• laktosa metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Úvod a cieľ: Staphylococcus aureus je významným oportunistickým patogénom s veľmi variabilným genómom, takže je zodpovedný za široké spektrum ochorení. Významným miestom výskytu tohto patogénu u zdravých jedincov, vrátane kmeňov rezistentných voči meticilínu, je okrem iných orgánov, akými sú napr. koža, hltan, sliznica nosa apod., aj ústna dutina. Hlavným cieľom našej štúdie bolo preto zistiť, či rôzne podmienky v ústnej dutine, ako parodontitída, fixné a snímateľné protetické zubné náhrady a stomatologické ochorenia s indikáciou na extrakciu, majú vplyv na mieru kolonizácie ústnej dutiny týmto mikroorganizmom a zároveň stanoviť frekvenciu výskytu meticilín rezistentných kmeňov Staphylococcus aureus u stomatologických pacientov. Metódy: Vyšetrovaný súbor pozostával z 96 pacientov, ktorí v období od júna 2014 do januára 2015 navštívili zubnú ambulanciu LUXDENT, s.r.o., v Nitre. Súbor bol rozdelený do štyroch skupín podľa podmienok v ústnej dutine – a to do skupiny pacientov: 1. s parodontitídou, 2. so stomatologickými ochoreniami s indikáciou na extrakciu, 3. s fixnými alebo snímateľnými zubnými náhradami a 4. do kontrolnej skupiny. Pacientom sa sterilným tampónom urobili výtery z nosovej a ústnej dutiny a do 24 hodín sa transportovali do laboratória. V laboratóriu sa vzorky spracovali štandardnými metódami pre izoláciu a identifikáciu Staphylococcus aureus, s následnou konfirmáciou druhu metódou polymerázovej reťazovej reakcie, kde sa amplifikoval špecifický úsek nuc génu o veľkosti cca 270 bp, charakteristický pre tento druh mikroorganizmu. Meticilín rezistentné kmene Staphylococcus aureus sa identifikovali pomocou diskovej difúznej metódy podľa metodiky Európskeho výboru pre testovanie antimikrobiálnej citlivosti [8]. Výsledky: Prítomnosť tohto mikroorganizmu sa zistila v 35 vzorkách (20,2 %) zo 173 vyšetrených vzoriek (výtery z orálnej a nazálnej dutiny), z toho 31 vzoriek bolo na meticilín senzitívnych (88,58 %) a štyri vzorky boli voči meticilínu rezistentné (11,42 %). Medzi výskytom mikroorganizmu v nose a ústach bol štatisticky významný rozdiel (p < 0,05), s častejším výskytom v nazálnej dutine. Iba u troch z 96 pacientov (3,12 %) sa dokázala prítomnosť Staphylococcus aureus zároveň v nazálnej aj orálnej dutine. Pri porovnaní skupiny pacientov s fixnými a snímateľnými protetickými náhradami s ostatnými skupinami bol výskyt mikroorganizmu Staphylococcus aureus v tejto skupine signifikantne vyšší (p < 0,05). Závery: Naše výsledky indikovali, že orálna dutina môže byť primárne (bez súčasnej prítomnosti mikroorganizmu v nose) kolonizovaná zlatým stafylokokom a podmienky v ústnej dutine, ako napr. fixné a snímateľné zubné náhrady, môžu mať na jej kolonizáciu významný vplyv. Klíčové slova: Staphylococcus aureus – meticilín rezistentný Staphylococcus aureus – ústna dutina – parodontitída – protetické zubné náhrady

Introduction and aim: Staphylococcus aureus is a significant opportunistic pathogen possessing highly variable genome, causing thus wide range of infections. An important location where this pathogen may occur in healthy individuals includes not only organs such as skin, pharynx, nasal mucosa, etc., but also oral cavity. The main objective of our study was to find out whether various oral cavity conditions such as periodontitis, fixed and removable dental prostheses and stomatological diseases with indications for extraction influence the level of oral cavity colonization by the Staphylococcus aureus, as well as to define the frequency of occurence of methicillin-resistant strains of this microorganism in stomatological patients. Methods: The examined collection consisted of 96 patients, who attended dental services LUXDENT, Ltd., in Nitra from June 2014 to January 2015. Patients were divided into the groups studied, i.e., the group of patients with 1. periodontitis, 2. dental diseases with indications for extraction, 3. fixed or removable prosthetic restorations and 4. control group. Microbiological samples were obtained by sterile swabs from oral and nasal cavity of subjects included into study and delivered to the laboratory within 24 h. At the laboratory, samples were processed by standard methods for isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, in which the specific region of nuc gene, characteristic for Staphylococcus aureus was amplified. Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus were identified using disc difusion method according to the methodology of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing [8]. Results: The presence of S. aureus was found in 35 samples (20.2%) out of 173 examined samples (oral and nasal cavity swabs), while 31 of those samples were methicillin-sensitive (88.58%) and four of them were methicillin-resistant (11.42%). There was a statistically important difference between the occurrence of the microorganism in nose and mouth (p < 0,05) indicating a more frequent occurrence in the nasal cavity. The presence of the microorganism in both nasal and oral cavities simultaneously was discovered only in three out of 96 patients (3.12%). When comparing the group of patients with fixed and removable prostheses to other groups, the occurrence of microorganism studied was significantly higher (p < 0,05). Conclusions: Our results indicate that the oral cavity may be an important site of Staphylococcus aureus colonisation and the conditions in the oral cavity, e.g., fixed and removable restorations may promote oral carriage of this microorganism. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus – methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus – oral cavity – parodontitis – dental prostheses

• MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• DNA izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nosní sliznice * mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• orální hygiena MeSH
• parodontitida MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus * izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• ústní sliznice * mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• zubní náhrady MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH