Nadměrná denní spavost (EDS - excessive daytime sleepiness) představuje závažný problém, mezi jehož nejtragičtější možné důsledky patří dopravní a jiné nehody. Tento přehledový článek je věnován zejména EDS vyvolané léky, kterou nelze vysvětlit negativním ovlivněním kvality a architektury nočního spánku až navozením noční insomnie, resp. výskytu parasomnie. Soustředí se na EDS, kterou léky vyvolávají "samy o sobě", nicméně hranice mezi různými farmakogenními příčinami EDS nebývá vždy ostrá. Budeme se v něm tedy zabývat především protizáchvatovými léčivy, anxiolytiky, antipsychotiky, antidepresivy, antiparkinsoniky, myorelaxancii, antihistaminiky, opioidy a koanalgetiky. Stručně se dotkneme také otázky, jak EDS vzniklou vlivem léčiva řešit.

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a serious issue, with one of the most tragic potential consequences being traffic and other accidents. This review article particularly deals with drug-induced EDS that cannot be explained by negative effects on nocturnal sleep quality and architecture or by inducing nocturnal insomnia and/or the occurrence of parasomnia. It is focused on EDS induced by drugs in themselves; however, the distinction between various pharmacogenetic causes of EDS is not always clear cut. The main emphasis is placed on anti-seizure medications, anxiolytics, antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, antiparkinsonian drugs, muscle relaxants, antihistamines, opioids, and coanalgesics. The paper also briefly outlines how to manage drug-induced EDS.

• MeSH
• antidepresiva farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antihistaminika farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antipsychotika farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• centrálně působící myorelaxancia farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• GABA antagonisté farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nežádoucí účinky léčiv klasifikace   MeSH
• opioidní analgetika farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• poruchy nadměrné spavosti * chemicky indukované   diagnóza   farmakoterapie   klasifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• narkolepsie * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému terapeutické užití   farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH

Sleep symptoms, including excessive sleepiness, are frequently reported by patients with functional motor disorders (FMD). We aimed to classify the comorbid sleep disorders in FMD, and to investigate the relationship between subjective sleepiness and objective measures of hypersomnia, comparing them with data from people with central hypersomnia. A total of 37 patients (mean [SD] age 46.4 [11.2] years) with clinically definite FMD, and 17 patients (mean [SD] age 41.1 [11.6] years) with central hypersomnia underwent structured medical and sleep history, neurological examination, polysomnography, multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), and questionnaires assessing sleepiness, fatigue, and depression. In all, 23 patients with FMD (62%) reported excessive daytime sleepiness. Evidence of specific sleep disorders was identified in our cohort, with 35% having restless legs syndrome; 49% obstructive sleep apnea; and 8% periodic limb movements in sleep; however, the presence of these disorders was not correlated with subjective sleepiness. Patients with FMD with self-reported sleepiness reported higher fatigue (p = 0.002), depression (p = 0.002), and had longer sleep latencies in the MSLT (p < 0.001) compared to the patients with central hypersomnia. No correlation was found between subjective and objective sleepiness in either group. Fatigue positively correlated with self-reported sleepiness in patients with FMD (p < 0.001). This study did not find objective correlates of increased sleepiness in patients with FMD. While sleep abnormalities were found to be common in FMD, they were not correlated with self-reports of excessive sleepiness. Positive correlations between self-reported sleepiness and fatigue support the current unified model of non-motor symptoms in FMD.

• MeSH
• deprese epidemiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• komorbidita * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• periodické pohyby končetinami ve spánku epidemiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• polysomnografie * MeSH
• poruchy nadměrné spavosti * epidemiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• poruchy spánku a bdění epidemiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• somnolence MeSH
• spánková latence fyziologie   MeSH
• syndrom neklidných nohou patofyziologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• únava patofyziologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Little attention has been paid to the long-term development of idiopathic hypersomnia symptoms and idiopathic hypersomnia comorbidities. The aim of this study was to describe the general health of patients with idiopathic hypersomnia years after the initial diagnosis, focusing on current subjective hypersomnolence and the presence of its other possible causes. Adult patients diagnosed with idiopathic hypersomnia ≥ 3 years ago at sleep centres in Prague and Kosice were invited to participate in this study. A total of 60 patients were examined (age 47.3 ± SD = 13.2 years, 66.7% women). In all participants, their hypersomnolence could not be explained by any other cause but idiopathic hypersomnia at the time of diagnosis. The mean duration of follow-up was 9.8 + 8.0 years. Fifty patients (83%) reported persisting hypersomnolence, but only 33 (55%) had no other disease that could also explain the patient's excessive daytime sleepiness and/or prolonged sleep. In two patients (3%), the diagnosis in the meantime had changed to narcolepsy type 2, and 15 patients (25%) had developed a disease or diseases potentially causing hypersomnolence since the initial diagnosis. Complete hypersomnolence resolution without stimulant treatment lasting longer than 6 months was reported by 10 patients (17%). To conclude, in a longer interval from the diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia, hypersomnolence may disappear or may theoretically be explained by another newly developed disease, or the diagnosis may be changed to narcolepsy type 2. Thus, after 9.8 years, only 55% of the examined patients with idiopathic hypersomnia had a typical clinical picture of idiopathic hypersomnia without doubts about the cause of the current hypersomnolence.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• idiopatická hypersomnie * diagnóza   epidemiologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• narkolepsie * diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• poruchy nadměrné spavosti * diagnóza   epidemiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• pozornost MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) manifests as a change in mental status without a coma (NCSE proper) or comatose NCSE. Hypocretin-1/orexin-A (H/O) is involved in alertness and sleep maintenance. Sleep impairment and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) have a negative impact on cognitive functions and activities of daily living (ADL). METHODS: Patients meeting the NCSE criteria underwent cerebrospinal fluid and brain magnetic resonance imaging examinations, polysomnographies (PSG), multiple latency sleep tests (MSLT), and completed Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Montreal Cognitive Assessment was used to evaluate cognitive functions, and the Barthel Index was used to assess ADL in the acute phase (V1) and three months follow-up (V2). RESULTS: From May 2020 to May 2023, we enrolled 15 patients, eight (53.3 %) women, with a median age of 69 (14) years. The median H/O CSF concentration was 250 (63.6) pg/ml; however, only three CSF samples (20 %) decreased below the borderline concentration of 200 pg/ml. Fourteen out of 15 patients (93.3 %) completed the PSG study. The median of wakefulness after sleep onset was 167 (173.5) min, sleep efficiency (SE) was 62.9 (63) %, sleep latency (SL) was 6 (32) min, REM sleep was 2.85 (7.2) %, and REM first episode latency was 210.5 (196.5) minutes. The medians of the stages N1 NREM were 4.65 (15) %, N2 NREM 68.4 (29.9) %, and N3 NREM 21.8 (35.5) %. MSLT mean latency was 7.7 (12.6) minutes. A significant negative correlation exists between H/O CSF concentrations and the stage N1 NREM (rs = -0.612, p = 0.02), and the proportion of cumulative sleep time with oxygen saturation below 90 % in total sleep time (TST) t90 (rs = -0.57, p = 0.03). MSLT had significant negative correlation with TST (rs = -0.5369, p = 0.0478), with SE (rs = -0.5897, p = 0.0265), with apnea-hypopnea index (rs = -0.7631, p = 0.0002) and with deoxygenation index (rs = -0.8009, p = 0.0006). A positive correlation exists between MSLT and SL (rs = 0.6284, p = 0.0161) and between ESS and t90 (rs = 0.9014, p = 0.0004). The correlation between H/O CSF concentrations and EDS, cognitive performance, and ADL was not proved. CONCLUSIONS: Patients after NCSE exhibited sleep impairment and excessive daytime sleepiness. Hypocretin-1/orexin-A concentrations decreased only in 20 % of these cases.

• MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• orexiny * mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• polysomnografie * MeSH
• poruchy nadměrné spavosti * mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• spánek fyziologie   MeSH
• status epilepticus * mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odpočinek MeSH
• poruchy nadměrné spavosti * MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Microbial antigens can elicit an immune response leading to the production of autoantibodies cross-reacting with autoantigens. Still, their clinical significance in human sera in the context of brain diseases is unclear. Therefore, assessment of natural autoantibodies reacting with their neuropeptides may elucidate the autoimmune etiology of central hypersomnias. The study aims to determine whether serum autoantibody levels differ in patients with different types of central hypersomnias (narcolepsy type 1 and 2, NT1 and NT2; idiopathic hypersomnia, IH) and healthy controls and if the differences could suggest the participation of autoantibodies in disease pathogenesis. METHODS: Sera from 91 patients with NT1, 27 with NT2, 46 with IH, and 50 healthy controls were examined for autoantibodies against assorted neuropeptides. Participants were screened using questionnaires related to sleep disorders, quality of life, and mental health conditions. In addition, serum biochemical parameters and biomarkers of microbial penetration through the intestinal wall were determined. RESULTS: A higher prevalence of autoantibodies against neuropeptides was observed only for alpha-melanocytes-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and neuropeptide glutamic acid-isoleucine (NEI), which differed slightly among diagnoses. Patients with both types of narcolepsy exhibited signs of microbial translocation through the gut barrier. According to the questionnaires, patients diagnosed with NT2 or IH had subjectively worse life quality than patients with NT1. Patients displayed significantly lower levels of bilirubin and creatinine and slightly higher alkaline phosphatase values than healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, serum anti-neuronal antibodies prevalence is rare, suggesting that their participation in the pathophysiology of concerned sleep disorders is insignificant. Moreover, their levels vary slightly between diagnoses indicating no major diagnostic significance.

• MeSH
• autoprotilátky MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• narkolepsie * epidemiologie   MeSH
• neuropeptidy * MeSH
• poruchy nadměrné spavosti * epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in elucidating the influence of the gut microbiota on sleep physiology. The gut microbiota affects the central nervous system by modulating neuronal pathways through the neuroendocrine and immune system, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, and various metabolic pathways. The gut microbiota can also influence circadian rhythms. In this study, we observed the gut microbiota composition of patients suffering from narcolepsy type 1, narcolepsy type 2, and idiopathic hypersomnia. We did not observe any changes in the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota among patient groups and healthy controls. We observed changes in beta diversity in accordance with Jaccard dissimilarities between the control group and groups of patients suffering from narcolepsy type 1 and idiopathic hypersomnia. Our results indicate that both these patient groups differ from controls relative to the presence of rare bacterial taxa. However, after adjustment for various confounding factors such as BMI, age, and gender, there were no statistical differences among the groups. This indicates that the divergence in beta diversity in the narcolepsy type 1 and idiopathic hypersomnia groups did not arise due to sleep disturbances. This study implies that using metabolomics and proteomics approaches to study the role of microbiota in sleep disorders might prove beneficial.

• MeSH
• idiopatická hypersomnie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• narkolepsie * MeSH
• poruchy nadměrné spavosti * MeSH
• poruchy spánku a bdění * MeSH
• spánek MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Parkinsonova nemoc (PN) je velmi častým progresivním onemocněním a řízení motorového vozidla je náročná a komplexní činnost, která vyžaduje souhru kognitivních a psychomotorických funkcí, správné plánování, dobrou paměť, pozornost a koordinaci oko­‐ruka­‐noha. Rozhodnutí o nezpůsobilosti řídit motorové vozidlo má pro pacienta zásadní význam, mějme ale na paměti i bezpečnost silničního provozu. Pacienti s PN mají vyšší výskyt kognitivních poruch a na řízení se rovněž podílí postižení hybnosti. Dalším problémem je výskyt nadměrné denní spavosti, která může být potencována medikací. Měli bychom se cíleně na denní spavost ptát. V současnosti neexistují jednotná právní kritéria, kterými bychom se mohli řídit.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a very common progressive disease and driving is a demanding and complex activity that requires the interplay of cognitive and psychomotor functions, good planning, memory, attention and eye-hand-foot coordination. The decision to be unable to drive is of paramount importance to the patient, but we must also keep road safety in mind. Patients with PD have a higher incidence of cognitive impairment and impaired mobility is also involved in driving problems. In addition, the incidence of excessive daytime sleepiness, which can be potentiated by medication, is a problem. Daytime sleepiness should be specifically asked about. At present, there are no uniform legal criteria to follow.

• MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nežádoucí účinky léčiv MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * farmakoterapie   komplikace   MeSH
• poruchy nadměrné spavosti diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• posuzování zdravotní způsobilosti MeSH
• řízení motorových vozidel psychologie   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methylfenidát farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• narkolepsie * diagnóza   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• polysomnografie metody   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH