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Phytochemical investigations of Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae) stated the presence of several compounds with an established therapeutic and antioxidant potential. The chamomile non-enzymatic antioxidant system includes low molecular mass compounds, mainly polyphenols such as cinnamic, hydroxybenzoic and chlorogenic acids, flavonoids and coumarins. The objective of this work was to evaluate the role of the non-enzymatic antioxidant system after stimulation by ethylene in tetraploid chamomile plants. Seven days of ethylene treatment significantly increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, which influenced the biosynthesis of protective polyphenols in the first step of their biosynthetic pathway. Subsequently, considerable enhanced levels of phenolic metabolites with a substantial antioxidant effect (syringic, vanillic and caffeic acid, 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, quercetin, luteolin, daphnin, and herniarin) were determined by HPLC-DAD-MS. The minimal information on the chlorogenic acids function in chamomile led to the isolation and identification of 5-O-feruloylquinic acid. It is accumulated during normal conditions, but after the excessive effect of abiotic stress, its level significantly decreases and levels of other caffeoylquinic acids enhance. Our results suggest that ethephon may act as a stimulant of the production of pharmaceutically important non-enzymatic antioxidants in chamomile leaves and thus, lead to an overall change in phytochemical content and therapeutic effects of chamomile plants, as well.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus MeSH
- biosyntetické dráhy fyziologie MeSH
- ethyleny metabolismus MeSH
- fenoly metabolismus MeSH
- fenylalaninamoniaklyasa metabolismus MeSH
- fyziologický stres fyziologie MeSH
- heřmánek, heřmánkovec, rmen, rmenec metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina chinová analogy a deriváty metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina chlorogenová metabolismus MeSH
- kyseliny kávové metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- Matricaria metabolismus MeSH
- polyfenoly metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Large local reactions (LLRs) caused by insect stings have attracted the interest of clinicians for decades, especially because of their possible role as risk factor for subsequent more severe reaction. Nonetheless, the literature on epidemiological and clinical aspects of LLR is fragmentary. Therefore, we aimed at reviewing the data available so far on the argument and the clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS: Our knowledge on the epidemiology and risk factors of LLR relies on studies performed many years ago. All those studies and our personal observation agree on the fact that LLRs are followed by a systemic reaction in not a negligible proportion of patients (10-15%). More recent studies have underlined the possible role of specific immunotherapy, including sublingual, in the treatment and prevention of LLRs. SUMMARY: LLRs should deserve a detailed diagnostic work-up, just as for systemic reactions. The prescription of autoinjectable adrenaline would seem advisable. Specific research on the predictive role of LLR for systemic reactions is needed, as well as studies assessing the benefits of treating all patients with LLR with immunotherapy.
Účel prehľadu: Veľké lokálne reakcie (VLR) spôsobené bodnutím hmyzom desaťročia priťahujú záujem lekárov, najmä ako možný potenciálny rizikový faktor pre ďalšie závažnejšie alergické reakcie. Literatúra o epidemiologických a klinických aspektoch VLR je však len ojedinelá a neúplná. Preto sme sa zamerali na zhrnutie doteraz dostupných údajov o rôznych aspektoch tohto stavu aj o klinických implikáciách. Nové poznatky: Naše znalosti epidemiológie a rizikových faktorov VLR sú založené na štúdiách realizovaných pred mnohými rokmi. Všetky tieto štúdie vznikli osobným pozorovaním a nasvedčujú tomu, že VLR sú u nezanedbateľnej časti (10–15 %) pacientov nasledované systémovou reakciou. Nedávne štúdie podčiarkli možnú úlohu špecifickej imunoterapie, vrátane sublinguálnej, v liečbe a prevencii VLR. Súhrn: VLR by si zaslúžili podrobné diagnostické rozpracovanie, rovnako ako je tomu pri generalizovaných systémových reakciách. Je vhodné predpísať pacientovi autoinjekčný adrenalín. Je potrebný špecifický výskum o prediktívnej úlohe VLR v systémových reakciách, ako aj štúdie hodnotiace úžitok imunoterapie u všetkých pacientov s VLR.
- MeSH
- alergeny imunologie MeSH
- aplikace sublinguální MeSH
- časná přecitlivělost MeSH
- desenzibilizace imunologická MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- Hymenoptera MeSH
- kousnutí a bodnutí hmyzem MeSH
- kůže imunologie patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- vosí jedy imunologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
The consumption of herbal-based supplements, which are believed to have beneficial effects on human health with no side effects, has become popular around the world and this trend is still increasing. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, commonly known as milk thistle (MT), is the most commonly studied herb associated with the treatment of liver diseases. The hepatoprotective effects of active substances in silymarin, with silybin being the main compound, have been demonstrated in many studies. However, MT can be affected by toxigenic micro-fungi and contaminated by mycotoxins with adverse effects. The beneficial effect of silymarin can thus be reduced or totally antagonized by mycotoxins. MT has proven to be affected by micro-fungi of the Fusarium and Alternaria genera, in particular, and their mycotoxins. Alternariol-methyl-ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), beauvericin (BEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatin A (ENNA), enniatin A1 (ENNA1), enniatin B (ENNB), enniatin B1 (ENNB1), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), tentoxin (TEN), and zearalenone (ZEA) seem to be most significant in MT-based dietary supplements. This review focuses on summarizing cases of mycotoxins in MT to emphasize the need for strict monitoring and regulation, as mycotoxins in relation with MT-based dietary supplements are not covered by European Union legislation.
Crops, such as white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata (L.) f. alba), are often infested by herbivorous insects that consume the leaves directly or lay eggs with subsequent injury by caterpillars. The plants can produce various defensive metabolites or free radicals that repel the insects to avert further damage. To study the production and effects of these compounds, large white cabbage butterflies, Pieris brassicae and flea beetles, Phyllotreta nemorum, were captured in a cabbage field and applied to plants cultivated in the lab. After insect infestation, leaves were collected and UV/Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC used to determine the content of stress molecules (superoxide), primary metabolites (amino acids), and secondary metabolites (phenolic acids and flavonoids). The highest level of superoxide was measured in plants exposed to fifty flea beetles. These plants also manifested a higher content of phenylalanine, a substrate for the synthesis of phenolic compounds, and in activation of total phenolics and flavonoid production. The levels of specific phenolic acids and flavonoids had higher variability when the dominant increase was in the flavonoid, quercetin. The leaves after flea beetle attack also showed an increase in ascorbic acid which is an important nutrient of cabbage.
Within the group of higher fungi, edible medicinal mushrooms have a long history of being used as food and in folk medicine. These species contain biologically active substances with many potential beneficial effects on human health. The Pleurotus genus is representative of medicinal mushrooms because Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the most commonly cultivated culinary mushrooms. In our study, we focused on lesser-known species in the genus Pleurotus and measured their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. We prepared extracts of the mushrooms and analyzed them using HPLC-HRMS, GC-MS, and 1H-NMR. Significant differences in biological activities were found among the Pleurotus spp. extracts. A MeOH extract of P. flabellatus was the most active as a radical scavenger with the highest ORAC, while a chloroform extract had significant anti-inflammatory COX-2 activity. The 80% MeOH extract of P. flabellatus contained the highest amounts of ergosterol, ergothioneine, and mannitol. The 80% MeOH extract of P. ostreatus Florida was the most active in the NF-κB inhibition assay and had the highest content of β-glucans (43.3% by dry weight). Given the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of P. flabellatus, the potential therapeutic usefulness of this species is worth evaluating through in-depth investigations and confirmation by clinical trials.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Aflatoxins (AFs) are some of the most agriculturally important and harmful mycotoxins. At least 20 AFs have been identified to this date. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most potent fungal toxin, can cause toxicity in many species, including humans. AFs are produced by 22 species of Aspergillus section Flavi, 4 species of A. section Nidulantes, and 2 species of A. section Ochraceorosei. The most important and well-known AF-producing species of section Flavi are Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius. AFs contaminate a wide range of crops (mainly groundnuts, pistachio nuts, dried figs, hazelnuts, spices, almonds, rice, melon seeds, Brazil nuts, and maize). Foods of animal origin (milk and animal tissues) are less likely contributors to human AF exposure. Despite the efforts to mitigate the AF concentrations in foods, and thus enhance food safety, AFs continue to be present, even at high levels. AFs thus remain a current and continuously pressing problem in the world.
- MeSH
- dietární expozice * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- houby metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- maso mikrobiologie MeSH
- mléko mikrobiologie MeSH
- mykotoxiny škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
- potravní řetězec MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
In the early 1960s the discovery of aflatoxins began when a total of 100,000 turkey poults died by hitherto unknown turkey "X" disease in England. The disease was associated with Brazilian groundnut meal affected by Aspergillus flavus. The toxin was named Aspergillus flavus toxin-aflatoxin. From the point of view of agriculture, aflatoxins show the utmost importance. Until now, a total of 20 aflatoxins have been described, with B1, B2, G1, and G2 aflatoxins being the most significant. Contamination by aflatoxins is a global health problem. Aflatoxins pose acutely toxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. Besides food insecurity and human health, aflatoxins affect humanity at different levels, such as social, economical, and political. Great emphasis is placed on aflatoxin mitigation using biocontrol methods. Thus, this review is focused on aflatoxins in terms of historical development, the principal milestones of aflatoxin research, and recent data on their toxicity and different ways of mitigation.
- MeSH
- aflatoxiny * dějiny toxicita MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- kontaminace potravin prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The poster describes doctoral degree studies in biomedical informatics at Charles University in Prague. Particularly important in educational programmes and knowledge dissemination is the role of Internet. Therefore we also describe special activities concerned with the specific research at the First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University in Prague. These are selected tools for blended learning tools, ExaMe system and the role of the European Journal for Biomedical Informatics (EJBI), an official multilingual journal of EFMI, for Ph.D. student's cooperation and understanding the multidisciplinary field of biomedical informatics [1].
- MeSH
- lékařská informatika výchova MeSH
- počítačem řízená výuka metody MeSH
- software * MeSH
- studium vysokoškolské metody organizace a řízení MeSH
- vyučování organizace a řízení MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
With ongoing progress of components of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation including improvements of oxygenators, pumps, and coating materials, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation became increasingly accepted in the clinical practice. A suitable testing in an adequate setup is essential for the development of new technical aspects. Relevant tests can be conducted in ex vivo models specifically designed to test certain aspects. Different setups have been used in the past for specific research questions. We conducted a systematic literature review of ex vivo models of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation components. MEDLINE and Embase were searched between January 1996 and October 2017. The inclusion criteria were ex vivo models including features of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation technology. The exclusion criteria were clinical studies, abstracts, studies in which the model of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been reported previously, and studies not reporting on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation components. A total of 50 studies reporting on different ex vivo extracorporeal membrane oxygenation models have been identified from the literature search. Models have been grouped according to the specific research question they were designed to test for. The groups are focused on oxygenator performance, pump performance, hemostasis, and pharmacokinetics. Pre-clinical testing including use of ex vivo models is an important step in the development and improvement of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation components and materials. Furthermore, ex vivo models offer valuable insights for clinicians to better understand the consequences of choice of components, setup, and management of an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit in any given condition. There is a need to standardize the reporting of pre-clinical studies in this area and to develop best practice in their design.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mimotělní membránová oxygenace metody MeSH
- výzkumný projekt trendy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
A highly porous scaffold is a desirable outcome in the field of tissue engineering. The porous structure mediates water-retaining properties that ensure good nutrient transportation as well as creates a suitable environment for cells. In this study, porous antibacterial collagenous scaffolds containing chitosan and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) as antibacterial agents were studied. The addition of antibacterial agents increased the application potential of the material for infected and chronic wounds. The morphology, swelling, biodegradation, and antibacterial activity of collagen-based scaffolds were characterized systematically to investigate the overall impact of the antibacterial additives. The additives visibly influenced the morphology, water‑retaining properties as well as the stability of the materials in the presence of collagenase enzymes. Even at concentrations as low as 5 ppm of SeNPs, modified polymeric scaffolds showed considerable inhibition activity towards Gram-positive bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in a dose-dependent manner.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
