INTRODUCTION: For many infectious diseases, women are at higher risk and have a more severe disease course than men for many reasons, including biological differences, social inequalities, and restrictive cultural norms. The study focuses on infections with human papillomaviruses (HPV) in the form of cervical cancer as a gender-specific disease. The main goal is to evaluate cervical tumour incidence trends in the Czech female population in the HPV vaccination period 2012-2020 in relation to selected demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic indicators. METHODS: This is a retrospective ecological study. Data from publicly available databases about the incidence and mortality of cervical tumours (C53 Malignant neoplasm of cervix uteri, D06 Carcinoma in situ of cervix uteri according to ICD 10) and HPV vaccination rate were analysed and compared with demographic, socioeconomic and territorial data. Associations were searched using correlation analysis. RESULTS: There was a decreasing trend in the incidence of cervical cancer in the observed period. Regarding cervical tumours (C53, D06) and malignant neoplasm of cervix uteri incidence (C53), the decrease was approximately 11 and 20%, respectively. Differences between regions were observed in incidences and vaccination rates. Based on correlation analysis, indicators connected with urban/rural aspects, such as a share of urban population and population density, were statistically significant. The indicators related to higher cervical cancer incidence are the high unemployment rate of women, the high number of divorces, the high number of abortions, the high share of the urban population, the high number of students, and the high number of women with only primary education. On the other hand, the indicators related to lower cervical cancer incidence are the high gross domestic product (GDP), the high average gross monthly wage per employee, the high employment rate of women, the higher average age of mothers at birth, and the high number of women with tertiary education. CONCLUSION: Results underline the problem of economically disadvantaged regions and families. Increasing vaccination rates, promoting regular screening for cervical cancer, and supporting awareness in the population, especially in regions with higher incidence rates, should be priorities for public health efforts.
- MeSH
- demografie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- infekce papilomavirem epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory děložního čípku * epidemiologie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory * MeSH
- vakcinace statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- vakcíny proti papilomavirům aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: The perception of the quality of care provided by the medical institution to patients is directly affected by the job satisfaction of nurses. The feeling of job satisfaction is caused besides other things by the subjective expectations of employees about what their work should provide them with in return. The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare job satisfaction of hospital nurses in the Czech Republic in 2011 and 2021 by identifying differences between their personal preferences and perceived saturation. METHODS: The respondents are hospital nurses in the Czech Republic in 2011 and 2021. A developed questionnaire was used to determine the job satisfaction factors. The order of factors of personal preferences, perceived saturation and differences between them was compiled. For evaluation was used the Euclidean distance model that enables to capture the order and determine the significance given by the distance in which the factors are located. RESULTS: At the top of personal preferences of hospital nurses, the factors salary and patient care are in the first two places with a similar distance. The salary factor is the most preferred by hospital nurses in both evaluated periods, and at the same time there is the greatest discrepancy between personal preferences and perceived saturation. By contrast, image of profession and working conditions were sufficiently saturated by the employer in both periods, but nurses do not significantly prefer these factors. CONCLUSIONS: The salary and patient care (i.e. the mission of the nurse's work itself) are at the top of personal preferences of hospital nurses, with an exclusive position among other factors. We consider it important that the hospital management emphasizes them in the management of hospital nurses. At the same time, the patient care is perceived by the hospital nurses as one of the most saturated factors - in contrast to salary, which is located at the complete opposite pole as the least saturated factor and therefore emerges from the mutual comparison as the factor with the greatest degree of divergence. The stated conclusions are valid for both compared periods. New method of data evaluation was successfully tested.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Úvod: Vzhledem k stárnutí populace a prodlužování střední délky života se v budoucnu očekává nárůst prevalence demence a onemocnění na podkladě aterosklerózy. Obě tyto závažné diagnózy mají řadu společných rizikových faktorů. Navíc ateroskleróza karotid je považována za prediktor demence. Vzájemný vztah ovšem není stále dostatečně objasněn. Hlavním cílem předkládané práce bylo popsat souvislost mezi vybranými rizikovými faktory aterosklerózy a demence. Metodika: K analýze rizikových faktorů byl použit soubor 1337 jedinců z projektu AZV MZ ČR „Možný vliv aterosklerózy na rozvoj demence“, který je koncipován jako epidemiologická studie případů a kontrol. Subjekty studiebyly rozděleny do čtyř výzkumných skupin podle výsledků klinického vyšetření na přítomnost aterosklerózy a demence. Výsledky: Mezi všemi výzkumnými skupinami byly zjištěny statisticky významné rozdíly ve výskytu rizikových faktorů, zejména mezi jedinci s demencí, ale bez aterosklerózy a jedinci s aterosklerózou, ale bez demence. Jedinci s demencí a bez aterosklerózy mají statistický významně častěji základní vzdělání (p < 0,001) a jsou méně často v manželském svazku (p < 0,001). Jedinci s demencí (ať už v kombinaci s aterosklerózou, nebo bez) statisticky významně méně častovykonávali pohybovou aktivitu (p < 0,001) a méně často se věnovali aktivitám, jako je čtení a luštění křížovek (p <0,001). Konkrétně u čtení a jedinců s demencí a aterosklerózou bylo zjištěno statisticky významně vyšší riziko vznikuonemocnění (OR = 1,72; IS 1,02–2,88; p = 0,041) oproti kontrolní skupině. Naopak jedinci s aterosklerózou a bez demence statisticky významně častěji kouří (p < 0,001), mají hypertenzi (p < 0,001), vysoký cholesterol (p < 0,001) a diabetes mellitus (p = 0,018). Závěr: Demence i ateroskleróza jsou velmi závažná onemocnění, podrobná znalost rizikových faktorů u těchto nemocí je nezbytná. Mnohé z těchto rizikových faktorů jsou společné pro obě diagnózy a pochopení vzájemného vztahu mezi nimi může pomoci v prevenci a včasném odhalení demence.
Introduction: Due to the aging of the population and the increase in life expectancy, an increase in the prevalence of dementia and atherosclerosis-based diseases is expected in the future. Both of these severe diagnoses have severalcommon risk factors. In addition, carotid atherosclerosis is considered as a predictor of dementia. However, the mutual relationship is still not sufficiently clarified. The main goal of the presented work was to describe the connectionbetween selected risk factors of atherosclerosis and dementia. Methods: A set of 1,337 individuals from the AZV MZ CR project "Possible influence of atherosclerosis on the development of dementia", designed as an epidemiological study of cases and controls, was used to analyze risk factors. The study subjects were divided into four research groups according to the clinical examination results for the presence of atherosclerosis and dementia. Results: Statistically significant differences in the occurrence of risk factors were found between all research groups, especially between individuals with dementia but without atherosclerosis and individuals with atherosclerosis but without dementia. Individuals with dementia and without atherosclerosis have statistically significantly more often primary education (p < 0.001) and are less often married (p < 0.001). Individualswith dementia (whether combined with atherosclerosis or without) were statistically significantly less likely to engage inphysical activity (p < 0.001) and less often engaged in activities such as reading and crossword (p < 0.001). Specifically, reading and individuals with dementia and atherosclerosis were found to have a statistically significantly higher risk of developing the disease (OR = 1.72; IS 1.02–2.88; p = 0.041) compared to the control group. On the contrary, individuals with atherosclerosis and without dementia are statistically significantly more likely to smoke (p < 0.001), have hypertension (p < 0.001), high cholesterol (p < 0.001), and diabetes mellitus (p = 0.018). Conclusion: Dementia and atherosclerosis are very serious diseases, and detailed knowledge of the risk factors for these diseases is essential. Many of these risk factors are common to both diagnoses and understanding the interrelationship betweenthem can help in the prevention and early detection of dementia.
- MeSH
- ateroskleróza * diagnóza MeSH
- demence * diagnóza prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This study constitutes a cross sectional analysis of the association between cognitive impairment defined by neuropsychological tests and carotid stenosis. The main objective was to compare the results of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) with regard to the degree of carotid stenosis. The sample comprised 744 patients who underwent a carotid duplex ultrasound and cognitive function testing (by ACE-R and MMSE). A multivariable analysis of potential confounding factors was completed. The significance of the different number of positive (MMSE ≤ 27, ACE-R ≤ 88) and negative (MMSE ≥ 28, ACE-R ≥ 89) results of the neuropsychological tests was analysed with regard to the degree of carotid stenosis (50-99%). Neuropsychological test results were also compared between carotid stenosis of 50-69%, 70-89%, and 90-99%. For both the MMSE and ACE-R, a difference was observed between positive and negative test results when higher degrees of stenosis were present. However, for the ACE-R only, more severe stenosis (80-89%, 90-99%) was predominantly associated with positive test results (p-value < 0.017). The same dependence for ACE-R (although not statistically significant) was observed in the group of patients without an ischemic stroke (confounding factor). In the case of the MMSE and more severe stenosis, negative results predominated, regardless of the confounding factor. There were no statistically significant differences in test results between carotid stenosis of 50-69%, 70-89%, and 90-99%. The results suggest that for assessing the early risk of cognitive impairment in patients with carotid atherosclerosis, the ACE-R appears more suitable than the MMSE.
- MeSH
- demence * diagnóza etiologie psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- stenóza arteria carotis * diagnóza diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- stenóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVES: This is a review article that deals with the question of whether type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: We searched the PubMed database and relevant publications were selected for review. The introduction, which describes the possibilities of how type 2 diabetes can affect the development of Alzheimer's disease, is followed by other questions related to this issue: May on the contrary Alzheimer's disease induce type 2 diabetes? What is a relative risk for type 2 diabetes to induce dementia? How type 2 diabetes influence conversion of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease? What is the role of antidiabetic medication? Proposition of term "type 3 diabetes" for Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been shown to increase the risk for cognitive decline and dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Despite extensive research and numerous publications, the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. CONCLUSIONS: Because of similar molecular and cellular features among type 1 and type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance associated with memory deficit and cognitive decline, some researches proposed the term "type 3 diabetes" for Alzheimer's disease.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * komplikace epidemiologie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu komplikace epidemiologie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus * MeSH
- hypoglykemika terapeutické užití MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce * komplikace epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The health impacts of suspended particulate matter (SPM) are significantly associated with size-the smaller the aerosol particles, the stronger the biological effect. Quantitative evaluation of fine and ultrafine particles (FP and UFP) is, therefore, an integral part of ongoing epidemiological studies. The mass concentrations of SPM fractions (especially PM2.5, PM1.0, PM0.25) were measured in an industrial area using cascade personal samplers and a gravimetric method, and their mass ratio was determined. The results of PM2.5, PM1.0 were also compared with the reference measurement at stationary stations. The mean ratios PM2.5/SPM, PM1.0/SPM, and PM1.0/PM2.5 were 0.76, 0.65, and 0.86, respectively. Surprisingly, a mass dominance of UFP with an aerodynamic diameter <0.25 μm (PM0.25) was found with mean ratios of 0.43, 0.57, 0.67 in SPM, PM2.5 and PM1.0. The method used showed satisfactory agreement in comparison with reference measurements. The respirable fraction may consist predominantly of UFP. Despite the measures currently being taken to improve air quality, the most biologically efficient UFP can escape and remain in the air. UFP are currently determined primarily as particle number as opposed to the mass concentration used for conventional fractions. This complicates their mutual comparison and determination of individual fraction ratios.
Úvod: Metoda palcového tlaku (toe brachial index – TBI) je doporučována k detekci ischemické choroby dolních končetin (ICHDKK) v případě snížené účinnosti metody ankle brachial indexu (ABI), ke které nejčastěji dochází u diabetiků. Předpokládá se, že v tomto případě TBI podává přesnější výsledky. Studií zabývajících se použitím TBI konkrétně u diabetiků není mnoho a ve výsledcích se liší. Cíl: Účelem této práce je prezentovat průběžné výsledky studie, jejíž hlavním cílem je vyhodnotit validitu metody TBI u diabetiků, a zjistit, zda tato metoda přináší zlepšení oproti metodě ABI. Metodika: V rámci první fáze studie bylo vyšetřeno 42 končetin u 21 pacientů s diabetem 2. typu. ABI byl měřen pomocí automatické oscilometrické metody (ABI OSC) a ruční metody za pomoci tužkového doppleru (ABI DPP). TBI byl stanoven pomocí automatické pletysmografické metody. Referenční vyšetření tepen dolních končetin bylo provedeno pomocí duplexní ultrasonografie (DUS). Pro srovnání jednotlivých metod TBI a ABI byl použit párový t-test. Pro vyhodnocení parametrů validity byly jako cut-off points použity hodnoty ABI < 0,9; TBI <0,7; DUS stenóza > 50 %. Výsledky: U osmi končetin z celkového počtu byla pomocí DUS prokázána ICHDKK. Jednotlivé metody ABI a TBI podávaly rozdílné výsledky (p < 0,05). Nejlepší parametry validity prokazovala metoda TBI – senzitivita 0,88; specificita 0,88; pozitivní prediktivní hodnota 0,64; negativní prediktivní hodnotou 0,97, pozitivní likelihood ratio 7,44; negativní likelihood ratio 0,14. Z metod stanovení ABI měla vyšší parametry validity metoda ABI DPP, která pro výpočet dosazuje do vzorce nižší hodnotu systolického krevního tlaku zjištěnou ze dvou míst měření na kotníku. Metoda ABI OSC v tomto souboru správně nezachytila ani jednu končetinu se stenózou > 50 %. Závěr: Dle průběžných výsledků této práce byla v daném souboru metoda TBI v porovnání s metodami ABI vhodnější pro záchyt ICHDKK u diabetiků.
Introduction: The toe brachial index (TBI) is recommended for the detection of lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) in case of reduced efficacy of the ankle brachial index (ABI), which most often occurs in diabetics. In this case, TBI is expected to give more accurate results. There are not many studies dealing with the use of TBI specifically in diabetics and the results are different. Objective: The purpose of this work is to present the interim results of the study, whose main objective is to assess the validity of TBI in diabetics and to determine whether this method provides improvements over the ABI. Methods: In the first phase of the study, 42 limbs were examined in 21 patients with type 2 diabetes. ABI was measured using the automatic oscillometric method (ABI OSC) and the manual method using the pencil doppler (ABI DPP). TBI was determined using an automatic plethysmographic method. The reference examination of the arteries of the lower limbs was performed using duplex ultrasonography (DUS). A paired t-test was used to compare the individual TBI and ABI methods. Cut-off points ABI < 0.9; TBI < 0.7; and DUS stenosis > 50 % were used to evaluate validity parameters. Results: The individual ABI and TBI methods gave different results (p < 0.05). In eight limbs of the total number, LEAD was demonstrated using DUS. The best validity parameters were demonstrated by the TBI – sensitivity 0.88; specificity 0.88; positive predictive value 0.64; negative predictive value 0.97, positive likelihood ratio 7.44; negative likelihood ratio 0.14. The ABI method of calculation, that uses lower systolic blood pressure determined from two measurement sites on the ankle as a numerator, had a higher validity parameters. The ABI OSC did not correctly detect a single limb with stenosis > 50 % in this cohort. Conclusion: According to the interim results of this work, the TBI was more suitable for the detection of LEAD in diabetics in comparison with ABI.
- Klíčová slova
- palcový tlak, toe brachial index,
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- komplikace diabetu * MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- onemocnění periferních arterií * diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- tlakový index kotník-paže * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Dementia becomes a major public health challenge in both the Czech Republic and worldwide. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE: We conducted two successive epidemiological projects in 2012-2015 and 2016-2019. Their aim was to study the effect of selected potential genetic, vascular and psychosocial risk factors on the development of AD by comparing their frequencies in AD patients and controls. METHODS: Epidemiological case-control studies were conducted. In total, data from 2106 participants (1096 cases, 1010 controls) were analyzed. RESULTS: Three times more females than males suffered from AD. The highest proportion of cases were those with primary education, unlike controls. There were statistically significantly more manual workers among cases than among controls. Of selected vascular risk factors, coronary heart disease was found to be statistically significantly more frequent in cases than in controls. The onset of hypertension and diabetes mellitus was earlier in controls than in cases. As for hobbies and interests, there were statistically significant differences in physical activity, reading and solving crosswords between the groups, with these activities being more common in controls. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, in particular AD, is currently increasing. Given the aging of the population, these conditions may be expected to rise in prevalence. Potential risk of AD needs to be studied, analyzed and confirmed; a detailed knowledge of the risks of AD and early detection of the pathology may therefore be very beneficial for prevention and early treatment of this condition.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * epidemiologie genetika MeSH
- epidemiologické studie * MeSH
- koronární nemoc epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stárnutí fyziologie MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Východiska: Tetanus je významné infekční onemocnění, které se vyznačuje vysokou smrtností. Mnoho desítek let je k dispozici účinná očkovací látka proti tomuto onemocnění, jejímž používáním bylo dosaženo eliminace této nebezpečné infekce. Cíl: Prokázat, že v současné době je tetanus mizející infekce, proti které je ve všech věkových skupinách, včetně nejstarších osob, dobrá imunita. Metody: Sérologicky, metodou ELISA, byly prokázány ochranné protilátky proti tetanu i u osob starších 60 let. Výsledky: Vyšetření starších osob v rámci sérologických přehledů v České republice v letech 1986 – 2002 prokázalo ochranné titry protilátek. Skupina 13 osob ve věku 61 – 93 let, které měly interval od posledního očkování delší než 10 let, měla ve většině případů ochranné titry protilátek proti tetanu. Závěry: Starší osoby v České republice mají dobrou a akceptabilní imunitu proti tetanu, jak potvrdila řada vyšetření protilátek v rámci sérologických přehledů nebo jiných vyšetření. Nepřímým důkazem, ale vysoce validním, je také epidemiologická situace ve výskytu tetanu v České republice. Od roku 1990 byly zaznamenány jen ojedinělé případy, a to při stále vysoké expozici celé populace.
Background: Tetanus is an important infectious disease that is characterized by high lethality. For many decades, an effective vaccine against this disease has been available, the use of which has achieved the elimination of this dangerous infection. Objective: To prove that at present tetanus is a disappearing infection, against which there is good immunity in all age groups, including the oldest individuals. Methods: Protective antibodies against tetanus have been demonstrated in persons over 60 years of age using the ELISA method. Results: Examination of elderly persons in serological reviews in the Czech Republic between 1986 and 2002 showed protective antibody titres. In most cases, a group of 13 people aged 61-93 years who had an interval of more than 10 years from the last vaccination had tetanus antibody protection titres. Conclusions: Elderly people in the Czech Republic have good and acceptable immunity to tetanus as confirmed by a number of antibody tests within serological reviews or other examinations. The epidemiological situation in tetanus in the Czech Republic is also circumstantial evidence, but highly valid. Since 1990, only isolated cases have been recorded, with still high exposure of the entire population.
Východiska: Tetanus je významné infekční onemocnění, které se vyznačuje vysokou smrtností. Mnoho desítek let je k dispozici účinná očkovací látka proti tomuto onemocnění, jejímž používáním bylo dosaženo eliminace této nebezpečné infekce. Cíl: Prokázat, že v současné době je tetanus mizející infekce, proti které je ve všech věkových skupinách, včetně nejstarších osob, dobrá imunita. Metody: Sérologicky, metodou ELISA, byly prokázány ochranné protilátky proti tetanu i u osob starších 60 let. Výsledky: Vyšetření starších osob v rámci sérologických přehledů v České republice v letech 1986 – 2002 prokázalo ochranné titry protilátek. Skupina 13 osob ve věku 61 – 93 let, které měly interval od posledního očkování delší než 10 let, měla ve většině případů ochranné titry protilátek proti tetanu. Závěry: Starší osoby v České republice mají dobrou a akceptabilní imunitu proti tetanu, jak potvrdila řada vyšetření protilátek v rámci sérologických přehledů nebo jiných vyšetření. Nepřímým důkazem, ale vysoce validním, je také epidemiologická situace ve výskytu tetanu v České republice. Od roku 1990 byly zaznamenány jen ojedinělé případy, a to při stále vysoké expozici celé populace.
Background: Tetanus is an important infectious disease that is characterized by high lethality. For many decades, an effective vaccine against this disease has been available, the use of which has achieved the elimination of this dangerous infection. Objective: To prove that at present tetanus is a disappearing infection, against which there is good immunity in all age groups, including the oldest individuals. Methods: Protective antibodies against tetanus have been demonstrated in persons over 60 years of age using the ELISA method. Results: Examination of elderly persons in serological reviews in the Czech Republic between 1986 and 2002 showed protective antibody titres. In most cases, a group of 13 people aged 61-93 years who had an interval of more than 10 years from the last vaccination had tetanus antibody protection titres. Conclusions: Elderly people in the Czech Republic have good and acceptable immunity to tetanus as confirmed by a number of antibody tests within serological reviews or other examinations. The epidemiological situation in tetanus in the Czech Republic is also circumstantial evidence, but highly valid. Since 1990, only isolated cases have been recorded, with still high exposure of the entire population.