Intoxikácie u detí predstavujú stále závažný problém v Slovenskej republike a tvoria 50 % zo všetkých intoxikácií konzultovaných s Národným toxikologickým informačným centrom (NTIC) v Bratislave. Akútna intoxikácia železom je závažný stav, ktorý môže rýchlo progredovať až do multiorgánového zlyhania a smrti. V článku prezentujeme prípad intoxikácie 16-ročnej pacientky s úmyselným požitím 50 tabliet prípravku s obsahom železa. Celková dávka zodpovedala 5000 mg elementárneho železa, čo pri hmotnosti pacientky 50 kg predstavovalo dávku 100 mg/kg. Vzhľadom na známky závažnej intoxikácie a vysokú požitú dávku železa sme indikovali podanie antidota do úpravy klinického stavu a sérových hladín železa. Pacientka sa aj napriek vysokej požitej dávke železa, vďaka promptnému zahájeniu detoxikačnej liečby, zotavila bez následkov. Vzhľadom na to, že otrava železom môže viesť k závažným komplikáciám, máme touto kazuistikou snahu poukázať na dôležitosť poznania klinického obrazu, priebehu a včasného začatia liečby u pacienta s akútnou intoxikáciou.
Intoxications in children still represent a serious problem in the Slovak Republic and account for 50 % of all intoxications consulted with the National Toxicological Information Center (NTIC) in Bratislava. Acute iron intoxication is a serious condition that can progress rapidly to multiorgan failure and death. In this article, we present a case of intoxication of a 16-year-old patient who intentionally ingested 50 tablets of an iron-containing preparation. The total dose corresponded to 5000 mg of elemental iron, which at a patient weight of 50 kg was 100 mg/kg. Due to signs of severe intoxication and high ingested iron dose, we indicated the administration of an antidote to adjust the clinical condition and serum iron levels. Patient recovered without sequelae due to the prompt initiation of detoxification treatment. Given that iron poisoning can lead to serious complications, we use this case report to point out the importance of knowing the clinical picture, course and early initiation of treatment in a patient with acute intoxication.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- otrava patologie terapie MeSH
- pokus o sebevraždu MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- železo škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Iron is essential for a healthy pregnancy, and iron supplementation is nearly universally recommended, regardless of maternal iron status. A signal of potential harm is the U-shaped association between maternal ferritin, a marker of iron stores, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, ferritin is also induced by inflammation and may overestimate iron stores during inflammation or infection. In this study, we use mouse models to determine whether maternal iron loading, inflammation, or their interaction cause poor pregnancy outcomes. Only maternal exposure to both iron excess and inflammation, but not either condition alone, causes embryo malformations and demise. Maternal iron excess potentiates embryo injury during both LPS-induced acute inflammation and obesity-induced chronic mild inflammation. The adverse interaction depends on TNFα signaling, causes apoptosis of placental and embryo endothelium, and is prevented by anti-TNFα or antioxidant treatment. Our findings raise important questions about the safety of indiscriminate iron supplementation during pregnancy.
- MeSH
- apoptóza fyziologie MeSH
- embryo savčí patologie MeSH
- endoteliální buňky pupečníkové žíly (lidské) MeSH
- ferritin analýza MeSH
- hepcidiny genetika MeSH
- komplikace těhotenství MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši knockoutované MeSH
- myši MeSH
- obezita patologie MeSH
- placenta patologie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- TNF-alfa metabolismus MeSH
- železo metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
We synthesized Fe foams using water suspensions of micrometric Fe2O3 powder by reducing and sintering the sublimated Fe oxide green body to Fe under 5% H2/Ar gas. The resultant Fe foam showed aligned lamellar macropores replicating the ice dendrites. The compressive behavior and deformation mechanism of the synthesized Fe foam were studied using an acoustic emission (AE) method, with which we detected sudden localized structural changes in the Fe foam material. The evolution of the deformation mechanism was elucidated using the adaptive sequential k-means (ASK) algorithm; specifically, the plastic deformation of the cell struts was followed by localized cell collapse, which eventually led to fracturing of the cell walls. For potential biomedical applications, the corrosion and biocompatibility characteristics of the two synthesized Fe foams with different porosities (50% vs. 44%) were examined and compared. Despite its larger porosity, the superior corrosion behavior of the Fe foam with 50% porosity can be attributed to its larger pore size and smaller microscopic surface area. Based on the cytotoxicity tests for the extracts of the foams, the Fe foam with 44% porosity showed better cytocompatibility than that with 50% porosity.
- MeSH
- akustika * MeSH
- biokompatibilní materiály chemie toxicita MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- difrakce rentgenového záření MeSH
- elektrochemie metody MeSH
- fibroblasty MeSH
- koroze MeSH
- myši MeSH
- pevnost v tlaku MeSH
- poréznost MeSH
- testování materiálů MeSH
- viskoelastické látky chemie MeSH
- železité sloučeniny chemie MeSH
- železo chemie toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Due to their enhanced reactivity, metal and metal-oxide nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) nanomaterials have been introduced into remediation practice. To ensure that environmental applications of nanomaterials are safe, their possible toxic effects should be described. However, there is still a lack of suitable toxicity tests that address the specific mode of action of nanoparticles, especially for nZVI. This contribution presents a novel approach for monitoring one of the most discussed adverse effects of nanoparticles, i.e., oxidative stress (OS). We optimized and developed an assay based on headspace-SPME-GC-MS analysis that enables the direct determination of volatile oxidative damage products (aldehydes) of lipids and proteins in microbial cultures after exposure to commercial types of nZVI. The method employs PDMS/DVB SPME fibers and pentafluorobenzyl derivatization, and the protocol was successfully tested using representatives of bacteria, fungi, and algae. Six aldehydes, namely, formaldehyde, acrolein, methional, benzaldehyde, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal, were detected in the cultures, and all of them exhibited dose-dependent sigmoidal responses. The presence of methional, which was detected in all cultures except those including an algal strain, documents that nZVI also caused oxidative damage to proteins in addition to lipids. The most sensitive toward nZVI exposure in terms of aldehyde production was the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which had an EC50 value of 0.08 g/L nZVI. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to document the production of aldehydes resulting from lipids and proteins as a result of OS in microorganisms from different kingdoms after exposure to iron nanoparticles.
The aim of this research was to assess the effect of soil contamination with titanium (Ti) and iron (Fe) at military sites in Ukraine using the avoidance and reproduction tests with Folsomia candida (springtail). The soil used for the tests was sampled in 2017 from Dolyna, Ivano-Frankivsk region, Ukraine from two plots, namely a contaminated and a control site. The sample site is a former military site previously used for tank training. At the control site mainly the concentrations of Ti and Fe were exceeded. The control soil was free from contamination. The avoidance test and reproduction test were conducted with the use of springtail species F. candida. The following nine levels of contamination with heavy metals were established: 1%, 1.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The duration of the avoidance test was 7 days, and that of the reproduction test was 28 days. Overall, the results show that the avoidance and reproduction tests with collembolans have the potential to be used as screening tools in an ecological risk assessment of heavy metals. In the avoidance test, the concentrations from 1.5 to 100% significantly decreased the number of F. candida in the contamination site in comparison to the control site. At the same time, avoidance was not observed in the first concentration (1%). According to the reproduction test, the negative effect on the number of F. candida juveniles was observed beginning at the 10% dose. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) for the avoidance test was 50.12%, while that for the reproduction test was 22.39%. The contamination with heavy metals at the military areas indicated the short- and long-term toxicity risk on the springtail F. candida.
- MeSH
- členovci účinky léků MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu toxicita MeSH
- ozbrojené síly MeSH
- rozmnožování účinky léků MeSH
- testy toxicity * MeSH
- titan toxicita MeSH
- učení vyhýbat se účinky léků MeSH
- železo toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI) began attracting research attention in remediation practice in recent decades as a prospective nanomaterial applicable to various contaminated matrices. Despite concerns about the negative effects of nanomaterials on ecosystems, the number of reliable toxicity tests is limited. We have developed a test based on the evaluation of oxidative stress (OS). The test employed the analysis of a typical OS marker (malondialdehyde, MDA), after exposure of six bacterial strains to the tested nanomaterial. We also attempted to use other OS and cell membrane damage assays, including the determination of glutathione and lactate dehydrogenase, respectively. However, we found that the components of these assays interfered with nZVI; therefore, these tests were not applicable. The MDA assay was tested using nZVI and three newly engineered oxide shell nZVI materials with different oxide thicknesses. Six different bacterial species were employed, and the results showed that the test was fully applicable for the concentrations of nanomaterials used in remediation practice (0.1-10 g/L). MDA was produced in a dose-response manner, and the bacteria showed a similar response toward pure pyrophoric nZVI, reaching EC50 values of 0.3-1.1 g/L. We observed different responses in the absolute production of MDA; however, the MDA concentrations were correlated with the cell membrane surfaces of the individual strains (R > 0.75; P < 0.09). Additionally, the EC50 values correlated with the thickness of the oxide shells (except for Escherichia coli: R > 0.95; P < 0.05), documenting the reliability of the assay, where reactivity was confirmed to be an important factor for reactive oxygen species production.
- MeSH
- Bacteria účinky léků MeSH
- kovové nanočástice toxicita MeSH
- malondialdehyd MeSH
- nanostruktury toxicita MeSH
- oxidační stres MeSH
- peroxidace lipidů * MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- testy toxicity metody MeSH
- železo toxicita MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Nanoremediation with iron (Fe) nanomaterials opens new doors for treating contaminated soil and groundwater, but is also accompanied by new potential risks as large quantities of engineered nanomaterials are introduced into the environment. In this study, we have assessed the ecotoxicity of four engineered Fe nanomaterials, specifically, Nano-Goethite, Trap-Ox Fe-zeolites, Carbo-Iron(®) and FerMEG12, developed within the European FP7 project NanoRem for sub-surface remediation towards a test battery consisting of eight ecotoxicity tests on bacteria (V. fisheri, E. coli), algae (P. subcapitata, Chlamydomonas sp.), crustaceans (D. magna), worms (E. fetida, L. variegatus) and plants (R. sativus, L. multiflorum). The tested materials are commercially available and include Fe oxide and nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI), but also hybrid products with Fe loaded into a matrix. All but one material, a ball milled nZVI (FerMEG12), showed no toxicity in the test battery when tested in concentrations up to 100 mg/L, which is the cutoff for hazard labeling in chemicals regulation in Europe. However it should be noted that Fe nanomaterials proved challenging to test adequately due to their turbidity, aggregation and sedimentation behavior in aqueous media. This paper provides a number of recommendations concerning future testing of Fe nanomaterials and discusses environmental risk assessment considerations related to these.
- MeSH
- kovové nanočástice chemie toxicita MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí * MeSH
- testy toxicity metody MeSH
- železo chemie toxicita MeSH
- zeolity MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
Nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been conceived for cost-efficient degradation of chlorinated pollutants in soil as an alternative to e.g permeable reactive barriers or excavation. Little is however known about its efficiency in degradation of the ubiquitous environmental pollutant DDT and its secondary effects on organisms. Here, two types of nZVI (type B made using precipitation with borohydride, and type T produced by gas phase reduction of iron oxides under H2) were compared for efficiency in degradation of DDT in water and in a historically (>45 years) contaminated soil (24 mg kg(-1) DDT). Further, the ecotoxicity of soil and water was tested on plants (barley and flax), earthworms (Eisenia fetida), ostracods (Heterocypris incongruens), and bacteria (Escherichia coli). Both types of nZVI effectively degraded DDT in water, but showed lower degradation of aged DDT in soil. Both types of nZVI had negative impact on the tested organisms, with nZVI-T giving least adverse effects. Negative effects were mostly due to oxidation of nZVI, resulting in O2 consumption and excess Fe(II) in water and soil.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu chemie toxicita MeSH
- DDT chemie toxicita MeSH
- ekotoxikologie MeSH
- Escherichia coli účinky léků MeSH
- ječmen (rod) účinky léků MeSH
- korýši účinky léků MeSH
- kyslík metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu chemie toxicita MeSH
- len účinky léků MeSH
- Oligochaeta účinky léků MeSH
- půda MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí MeSH
- železo chemie toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This mini-review summarizes the current information that has been published on the various effects of nano-scale zerovalent iron (nZVI) on microbial biota, with an emphasis on reports that highlight the positive aspects of its application or its stimulatory effects on microbiota. By nature, nZVI is a highly reactive substance; thus, the possibility of nZVI being toxic is commonly suspected. Accordingly, the cytotoxicity of nZVI and the toxicity of nZVI-related products have been detected by laboratory tests and documented in the literature. However, there are numerous other published studies on its useful nature, which are usually skipped in reviews that deal only with the phenomenon of toxicity. Therefore, the objective of this article is to review both recent publications reporting the toxic effects of nZVI on microbiota and studies documenting the positive effects of nZVI on various environmental remediation processes. Although cytotoxicity is an issue of general importance and relevance, nZVI can reduce the overall toxicity of a contaminated site, which ultimately results in the creation of better living conditions for the autochthonous microflora. Moreover, nZVI changes the properties of the site in a manner such that it can also be used as a tool in a tailor-made approach to support a specific microbial community for the decontamination of a particular polluted site.
Zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) are a relatively new option for the treatment of contaminated soil and groundwater. However, because of their apparent toxicity, nZVI in high concentrations are known to interfere with many autochthonous microorganisms and, thus, impact their participation in the remediation process. The effect of two commercially available nZVI products, Nanofer 25 (non-stabilized) and Nanofer 25S (stabilized), was examined. Considerable toxicity to the soil yeast Trichosporon cutaneum was observed. Two chemically different humic substances (HSs) were studied as a possible protection agent that mitigates nZVI toxicity: oxidized oxyhumolite X6 and humic acid X3A. The effect of addition of HSs was studied in different phases of the experiment to establish the effect on cells and nZVI. SEM and TEM images revealed an ability of both types of nZVI and HSs to adsorb on surface of the cells. Changes in cell surface properties were also observed by zeta potential measurements. Our results indicate that HSs can act as an electrosteric barrier, which hinders mutual interaction between nZVI and treated cell. Thus, the application of HS seems to be a promising solution to mitigating the toxic action of nZVI.
