We report the distribution of mosquitoes of the maculipennis complex in two distinct areas of the Czech Republic (Bohemia and South Moravia) and in one locality of neighbouring Slovakia with emphasis on the detection of the newly described cryptic species Anopheles daciae (Linton, Nicolescu & Harbach, 2004). A total of 691 mosquitoes were analysed using a species-specific multiplex PCR assay to differentiate between the members of the maculipennis complex. In the Czech Republic, we found Anopheles maculipennis (with a prevalence rate of 1.4%), Anopheles messeae (49.0%) and Anopheles daciae (49.6%). In Slovakia, only An. messeae (52.1%) and An. daciae (47.9%) were detected. In this study, An. daciae was documented for the first time in the two countries where it represented a markedly higher proportion of maculipennis complex species (with an overall prevalence almost reaching 50%) in comparison to previous reports from Germany, Romania and Poland. The determination of the differential distribution of maculipennis complex species will contribute to assessing risks of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria or dirofilariasis.
- MeSH
- Anopheles parazitologie MeSH
- Culicidae parazitologie MeSH
- dirofilarióza epidemiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- hmyz - vektory parazitologie MeSH
- malárie epidemiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Slovenská republika epidemiologie MeSH
Mosquito-borne diseases (including malaria) belong among the leading causes of death in humans. Vector control is a crucial part of the global strategy for management of mosquito-associated diseases, when insecticide use is the most important component in this effort. However, drug and insecticide resistance threaten the successes made with existing methods. Reduction or elimination of malaria is not possible without effective mosquito control. This article reviews current strategies of intervention in vector control to decrease transmission of disease and covers current relevant knowledge in molecular biology, biochemistry, and medicinal chemistry.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Anopheles parazitologie MeSH
- insekticidy chemie farmakologie MeSH
- komáří přenašeči účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- malárie parazitologie patologie MeSH
- racionální návrh léčiv MeSH
- rezistence k insekticidům * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Background: Eliminating falciparum malaria in Cambodia is a top priority, requiring the implementation of novel tools and strategies to interrupt its transmission. To date, few data are available regarding the contributions to malaria transmission of symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers. Methods: Direct-membrane and skin feeding assays (DMFAs, SFAs) were performed, using Anopheles minimus and Anopheles dirus, to determine infectivity of symptomatic falciparum-infected patients and malaria asymptomatic carriers; a subset of the latter were followed up for 2 months to assess their transmission potential. Results: By microscopy and real-time polymerase chain reaction, Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte prevalence rates were, respectively, 19.3% (n = 21/109) and 44% (n = 47/109) on day (D) 0 and 17.9% (n = 5/28) and 89.3% (n = 25/28) in recrudescent patients (Drec) (RT-PCR Drec vs D0 P = .002). Falciparum malaria patient infectivity was low on D0 (6.2%; n = 3/48) and in Drec (8.3%; n = 1/12). Direct-membrane feeding assays and SFAs gave similar results. None of the falciparum (n = 0/19) and 3 of 28 Plasmodium vivax asymptomatic carriers were infectious to mosquitoes, including those that were followed up for 2 months. Overall, P. falciparum gametocytemias were low except in a few symptomatic carriers. Conclusions: Only symptomatic falciparum malaria patients were infectious to mosquito vectors at baseline and recrudescence, highlighting the need to detect promptly and treat effectively P. falciparum patients.
- MeSH
- Anopheles parazitologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- komáří přenašeči parazitologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- malárie vivax parazitologie přenos MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- paraziti patogenita MeSH
- Plasmodium falciparum patogenita MeSH
- Plasmodium vivax patogenita MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- tropická malárie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Kambodža MeSH
Malaria transmission is a serious emergence in urban and semiurban areas worldwide, becoming a major international public health concern. Malaria is transmitted through the bites of Anopheles mosquitoes. The extensive employ of synthetic pesticides leads to negative effects on human health and the environment. Recently, plant-synthesized nanoparticles have been proposed as highly effective mosquitocides. In this research, we synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using the Azadirachta indica seed kernel extract as reducing and stabilizing agent. AgNP were characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry, SEM, EDX, XRD and FTIR spectroscopy. The A. indica seed kernel extract was toxic against Anopheles stephensi larvae and pupae, LC50 were 232.8ppm (larva I), 260.6ppm (II), 290.3ppm (III), 323.4ppm (IV), and 348.4ppm (pupa). AgNP LC50 were 3.9ppm (I), 4.9ppm (II), 5.6ppm (III), 6.5ppm (IV), and 8.2ppm (pupa). The antiplasmodial activity of A. indica seed kernel extract and AgNP was evaluated against CQ-resistant (CQ-r) and CQ-sensitive (CQ-s) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. IC50 of A. indica seed kernel extract were 63.18μg/ml (CQ-s) and 69.24μg/ml (CQ-r). A. indica seed kernel-synthesized AgNP achieved IC50, of 82.41μg/ml (CQ-s) and 86.12μg/ml (CQ-r). However, in vivo anti-plasmodial experiments conducted on Plasmodium berghei infecting albino mice showed moderate activity of the A. indica extract and AgNP. Overall, this study showed that the A. indica-mediated fabrication of AgNP is of interest for a wide array of purposes, ranging from IPM of mosquito vectors to the development of novel and cheap antimalarial drugs.
- MeSH
- Anopheles účinky léků růst a vývoj parazitologie MeSH
- antimalarika farmakologie MeSH
- Azadirachta chemie metabolismus MeSH
- kovové nanočástice chemie MeSH
- kukla účinky léků parazitologie MeSH
- larva účinky léků parazitologie MeSH
- malárie parazitologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Plasmodium berghei účinky léků MeSH
- Plasmodium falciparum účinky léků MeSH
- stříbro farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Invasion of mosquito salivary glands (SGs) by Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites is an essential step in the malaria life cycle. How infection modulates gene expression, and affects hematophagy remains unclear. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using Affimetrix chip microarray, we found that at least 43 genes are differentially expressed in the glands of Plasmodium falciparum-infected Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Among the upregulated genes, one codes for Agaphelin, a 58-amino acid protein containing a single Kazal domain with a Leu in the P1 position. Agaphelin displays high homology to orthologs present in Aedes sp and Culex sp salivary glands, indicating an evolutionarily expanded family. Kinetics and surface plasmon resonance experiments determined that chemically synthesized Agaphelin behaves as a slow and tight inhibitor of neutrophil elastase (K(D) ∼ 10 nM), but does not affect other enzymes, nor promotes vasodilation, or exhibit antimicrobial activity. TAXIscan chamber assay revealed that Agaphelin inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis toward fMLP, affecting several parameter associated with cell migration. In addition, Agaphelin reduces paw edema formation and accumulation of tissue myeloperoxidase triggered by injection of carrageenan in mice. Agaphelin also blocks elastase/cathepsin-mediated platelet aggregation, abrogates elastase-mediated cleavage of tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and attenuates neutrophil-induced coagulation. Notably, Agaphelin inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation and prevents FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis, without impairing hemostasis. CONCLUSIONS: Blockade of neutrophil elastase emerges as a novel antihemostatic mechanism in hematophagy; it also supports the notion that neutrophils and the innate immune response are targets for antithrombotic therapy. In addition, Agaphelin is the first antihemostatic whose expression is induced by Plasmodium sp infection. These results suggest that an important interplay takes place in parasite-vector-host interactions.
- MeSH
- Anopheles metabolismus parazitologie MeSH
- cirkulární dichroismus MeSH
- edém etiologie metabolismus prevence a kontrola MeSH
- hemostáza fyziologie MeSH
- hmyz - vektory MeSH
- hmyzí proteiny chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita * MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši MeSH
- neutrofily imunologie MeSH
- Plasmodium falciparum patogenita MeSH
- povrchová plasmonová rezonance MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- sekvenční homologie aminokyselin MeSH
- slinné proteiny a peptidy chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- slinné žlázy metabolismus parazitologie MeSH
- trombóza prevence a kontrola MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH
- MeSH
- Anopheles parazitologie růst a vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- antimalarika klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- diagnostické techniky a postupy využití MeSH
- epidemiologie statistika a číselné údaje trendy MeSH
- klinický obraz nemoci MeSH
- lékařské mise využití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- malárie diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- Organizace spojených národů MeSH
- Plasmodium parazitologie růst a vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
- tropické lékařství metody MeSH
- vakcína proti malárii dějiny terapeutické užití MeSH
- vojenské lékařství MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- Anopheles parazitologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- antimalarika imunologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- DDT dějiny škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- epidemiologie trendy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- malárie diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- Plasmodium parazitologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- vakcína proti malárii aplikace a dávkování imunologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
