Rye (Secale cereale L.) is an exceptionally climate-resilient cereal crop, used extensively to produce improved wheat varieties via introgressive hybridization and possessing the entire repertoire of genes necessary to enable hybrid breeding. Rye is allogamous and only recently domesticated, thus giving cultivated ryes access to a diverse and exploitable wild gene pool. To further enhance the agronomic potential of rye, we produced a chromosome-scale annotated assembly of the 7.9-gigabase rye genome and extensively validated its quality by using a suite of molecular genetic resources. We demonstrate applications of this resource with a broad range of investigations. We present findings on cultivated rye's incomplete genetic isolation from wild relatives, mechanisms of genome structural evolution, pathogen resistance, low-temperature tolerance, fertility control systems for hybrid breeding and the yield benefits of rye-wheat introgressions.
- MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace genetika MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- genom rostlinný * MeSH
- genová introgrese MeSH
- imunita rostlin genetika MeSH
- karyotyp MeSH
- mapování chromozomů metody MeSH
- pšenice genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- šlechtění rostlin metody MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny genetika imunologie MeSH
- žito genetika imunologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Stem rust is an important disease of wheat that can be controlled using resistance genes. The gene SuSr-D1 identified in cultivar 'Canthatch' suppresses stem rust resistance. SuSr-D1 mutants are resistant to several races of stem rust that are virulent on wild-type plants. Here we identify SuSr-D1 by sequencing flow-sorted chromosomes, mutagenesis, and map-based cloning. The gene encodes Med15, a subunit of the Mediator Complex, a conserved protein complex in eukaryotes that regulates expression of protein-coding genes. Nonsense mutations in Med15b.D result in expression of stem rust resistance. Time-course RNAseq analysis show a significant reduction or complete loss of differential gene expression at 24 h post inoculation in med15b.D mutants, suggesting that transcriptional reprogramming at this time point is not required for immunity to stem rust. Suppression is a common phenomenon and this study provides novel insight into suppression of rust resistance in wheat.
- MeSH
- Basidiomycota patogenita MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin genetika MeSH
- duplikace genu MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- imunita rostlin genetika MeSH
- lipnicovité klasifikace genetika MeSH
- mapování chromozomů MeSH
- mediátorový komplex genetika MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- nemoci rostlin genetika imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- odolnost vůči nemocem genetika MeSH
- pšenice genetika imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné geny genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Occurrence of stomata on both leaf surfaces (amphistomaty) promotes higher stomatal conductance and photosynthesis while simultaneously increasing exposure to potential disease agents in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) with 2.2M single nucleotide polymorphisms generated through whole-genome sequencing found 280 loci associated with variation in adaxial stomatal traits, implicating genes regulating stomatal development and behavior. Strikingly, numerous loci regulating plant growth and response to biotic and abiotic stresses were also identified. The most significant locus was a poplar homologue of SPEECHLESS (PtSPCH1). Individuals possessing PtSPCH1 alleles associated with greater adaxial stomatal density originated primarily from environments with shorter growing seasons (e.g. northern latitudes, high elevations) or with less precipitation. PtSPCH1 was expressed in developing leaves but not developing stem xylem. In developing leaves, RNA sequencing showed patterns of coordinated expression between PtSPCH1 and other GWAS-identified genes. The breadth of our GWAS results suggests that the evolution of amphistomaty is part of a larger, complex response in plants. Suites of genes underpin this response, retrieved through genetic association to adaxial stomata, and show coordinated expression during development. We propose that the occurrence of amphistomaty in P. trichocarpa involves PtSPCH1 and reflects selection for supporting rapid growth over investment in immunity.
- MeSH
- alely MeSH
- celogenomová asociační studie MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- imunita rostlin genetika MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika MeSH
- kvantitativní znak dědičný MeSH
- podnebí MeSH
- Populus genetika růst a vývoj imunologie fyziologie MeSH
- průduchy rostlin genetika fyziologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné geny MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- rozvržení tělního plánu * MeSH
- vývoj rostlin MeSH
- zeměpis MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a defence mechanism that induces protection against a wide range of pathogens in distant, pathogen-free parts of plants after a primary inoculation. Multiple mobile compounds were identified as putative SAR signals or important factors for influencing movement of SAR signalling elements in Arabidopsis and tobacco. These include compounds with very different chemical structures like lipid transfer protein DIR1 (DEFECTIVE IN INDUCED RESISTANCE1), methyl salicylate (MeSA), dehydroabietinal (DA), azelaic acid (AzA), glycerol-3-phosphate dependent factor (G3P) and the lysine catabolite pipecolic acid (Pip). Genetic studies with different SAR-deficient mutants and silenced lines support the idea that some of these compounds (MeSA, DIR1 and G3P) are activated only when SAR is induced in darkness. In addition, although AzA doubled in phloem exudate of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infected tobacco leaves, external AzA treatment could not induce resistance neither to viral nor bacterial pathogens, independent of light conditions. Besides light intensity and timing of light exposition after primary inoculation, spectral distribution of light could also influence the SAR induction capacity. Recent data indicated that TMV and CMV (cucumber mosaic virus) infection in tobacco, like bacteria in Arabidopsis, caused massive accumulation of Pip. Treatment of tobacco leaves with Pip in the light, caused a drastic and significant local and systemic decrease in lesion size of TMV infection. Moreover, two very recent papers, added in proof, demonstrated the role of FMO1 (FLAVIN-DEPENDENT-MONOOXYGENASE1) in conversion of Pip to N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). NHP systemically accumulates after microbial attack and acts as a potent inducer of plant immunity to bacterial and oomycete pathogens in Arabidopsis. These results argue for the pivotal role of Pip and NHP as an important signal compound of SAR response in different plants against different pathogens.
Chromatin Assembly Factor 1 (CAF-1) is a major nucleosome assembly complex which functions particularly during DNA replication and repair. Here we studied how the nucleosome landscape changes in a CAF-1 mutant in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Globally, most nucleosomes were not affected by loss of CAF-1, indicating the presence of efficient alternative nucleosome assemblers. Nucleosomes that we found depleted in the CAF-1 mutant were enriched in non-transcribed regions, consistent with the notion that CAF-1-independent nucleosome assembly can compensate for loss of CAF-1 mainly in transcribed regions. Depleted nucleosomes were particularly enriched in proximal promoters, suggesting that CAF-1-independent nucleosome assembly mechanisms are often not efficient upstream of transcription start sites. Genes related to plant defense were particularly prone to lose nucleosomes in their promoters upon CAF-1 depletion. Reduced nucleosome occupancy at promoters of many defense-related genes is associated with a primed gene expression state that may considerably increase plant fitness by facilitating plant defense. Together, our results establish that the nucleosome landscape in Arabidopsis is surprisingly robust even in the absence of the dedicated nucleosome assembly machinery CAF-1 and that CAF-1-independent nucleosome assembly mechanisms are less efficient in particular genome regions.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetika imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- chromatin genetika MeSH
- faktor 1 pro uspořádání chromatinu genetika metabolismus MeSH
- imunita rostlin genetika MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- nukleozomy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- oprava DNA genetika MeSH
- počátek transkripce MeSH
- promotorové oblasti (genetika) genetika MeSH
- replikace DNA genetika MeSH
- restrukturace chromatinu genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The downy mildew pathogen, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, which infects plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, has undergone major changes during the last decade. Disease severity and epidemics are far more destructive than previously reported, and new genotypes, races, pathotypes, and mating types of the pathogen have been discovered in populations from around the globe as a result of the resurgence of the disease. Consequently, disease control through host plant resistance and fungicide applications has become more complex. This resurgence of P. cubensis offers challenges to scientists in many research areas including pathogen biology, epidemiology and dispersal, population structure and population genetics, host preference, host-pathogen interactions and gene expression, genetic host plant resistance, inheritance of host and fungicide resistance, and chemical disease control. This review serves to summarize the current status of this major pathogen and to guide future management and research efforts within this pathosystem.
- MeSH
- antibiotická rezistence MeSH
- Cucurbitaceae genetika mikrobiologie MeSH
- fungicidy průmyslové MeSH
- imunita rostlin genetika MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu genetika MeSH
- kontrola škůdců MeSH
- nemoci rostlin MeSH
- oomycety fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- Spojené státy americké MeSH
Actin cytoskeleton is the fundamental structural component of eukaryotic cells. It has a role in numerous elementary cellular processes such as reproduction, development and also in response to abiotic and biotic stimuli. Remarkably, the role of actin cytoskeleton in plant response to pathogens is getting to be under magnifying glass. Based on microscopic studies, most of the data showed, that actin plays an important role in formation of physiological barrier in the site of infection. Actin dynamics is involved in the transport of antimicrobial compounds and cell wall fortifying components (e.g. callose) to the site of infection. Also the role in PTI (pathogen triggered immunity) and ETI (effector triggered immunity) was recently indicated. On the other hand much less is known about the transcriptome reprogramming upon changes in actin dynamics. Our recently published results showed that drugs inhibiting actin polymerization (latrunculin B, cytochalasin E) cause the induction of genes which are involved in salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. In this addendum we would like to highlight in more details current state of knowledge concerning the involvement of actin dynamics in plant defense signaling.
