Cíle: Cílem studie bylo vyhodnotit úplnost dat a odhadnout senzitivitu surveillance spalniček v rámci hlášení do nové elektronické verze národního Informačního systému infekční nemoci (ISIN) za účelem posouzení fungování tohoto systému. Metody: Byla hodnocena úplnost hlášení spalniček v ISIN pro demografické charakteristiky (týden a kraj hlášení, věk a pohlaví), datum prvních příznaků, komplikace, hospitalizace, stav očkování, použité laboratorní metody a země importu od ledna 2018 do června 2019. Pomocí metody dvojího záchytu „capture-recapture method“ (CRM) porovnáním registrů Národní referenční laboratoře (NRL) a ISIN byl vyhodnocen počet případů spalniček. Případy byly spárovány pomocí jedinečného osobního identifikátoru (rodné číslo). Celkový odhadovaný skutečný počet případů spalniček v populaci byl vypočten pomocí Chapmanova vzorce. Senzitivita hlášení byla kalkulována podílem počtu hlášených případů odhadovaným skutečným počtem případů pomocí CRM. Výsledky: V ISIN bylo ve stanoveném časovém období nahlášeno 765 případů spalniček. U mnoha proměnných byla nalezena 100% úplnost. Data chyběla hlavně u statusu očkování (20 %), sérologických výsledků (55 %) a použitých laboratorních metod (8 %). NRL vyšetřila v uvedeném období 653 vzorků pacientů. V obou registrech (ISIN a NRL) bylo zachyceno celkem 612 shodných případů. Odhadovaný skutečný počet případů spalniček v populaci pomocí CRM byl 816 (95% CI: 809–823) ve srovnání se skutečně hlášenými 806 případy při spárování dat obou systémů. Odhadovaná senzitivita surveillance systému je 98,8 %. Pět procent (n = 41) případů pozitivně testovaných v NRL nebylo v ISIN hlášeno. Závěr: U většiny proměnných jsme zjistili vysokou úroveň úplnosti údajů o případech onemocnění spalničkami hlášených v ISIN. Odhadovaný skutečný a reálně hlášený počet případů dobře koreloval a vypočtená senzitivita systému ISIN byla na velmi vysoké úrovni. Zdroje dat použité ve studii nebyly navzájem dostatečně nezávislé, a proto výsledky nemusí být zcela přesné. Do budoucna je vhodné provést určité technické změny v ISIN, zejména nastavit více povinných polí v rámci jednotlivých proměnných a více logických syntaxí v automatickém nastavení systému, pro dosažení vyšší úplnosti, kontroly kvality a validity vkládaných dat. Poskytovatelé údajů by měli do ISIN hlásit všechny případy spalniček s maximální precizností při zadávání jednotlivých proměnných, a vyšetřující laboratoře zasílat vzorky ke konfirmaci do NRL v požadovaných případech.

Aim: The aim of study was to evaluate completeness and estimate sensitivity of the measles surveillance using the new electronic version of the national notification system of infectious diseases (ISIN) in order to assess its performance. Material and Methods: The completeness of measles reporting in the ISIN for demographic characteristics (week and region of reporting, age and gender), date of onset, complications, hospitalisations, vaccination status, used laboratory methods and country of import from January 2018 to June 2019 was assessed. The register from National Reference Laboratory (NRL) and the ISIN were compared using the capture-recapture method (CRM). Cases were matched using unique personal identifier. The total number of measles cases in the population was assessed using the Chapman’s formula. Sensitivity of reporting was calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the CRM estimated true number of cases. Results: In the ISIN, 765 measles cases were registered within specified time period. For many variables 100% completeness was found. The data were missing mainly for vaccination status (20%), serology results (55%) and used laboratory methods (8%). The NRL confirmed 653 patient samples in respected period. Within both registries (ISIN and NRL) the total 612 cases were matched. Estimated real number of measles cases using the CRM was 816 (95% CI: 809-823) compared to 806 reported cases. The estimated surveillance system sensitivity was 98.8%. Five percent (n = 41) of cases tested positively in the NRL were not reported to the ISIN. Conclusions: We found high level of reported measles data completeness in the ISIN for most variables. Estimated real and reported number of cases was in a good correlation and calculated sensitivity of the ISIN was on very high level. Though, the data sources used in the study were not independent on each other, therefore results may not be fully accurate. The technical changes (more mandatory fields and more logical syntax to check data) in the ISIN to improve data completeness are being recommended. Data providers should report all measles cases to the ISIN with maximum precision in entering individual variables and investigating laboratories should send samples for confirmation to the NRL in required cases.

• MeSH
• hlášení nemocí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• spalničky * epidemiologie   MeSH
• surveillance populace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries. METHODS: We pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group. RESULTS: Since ∼1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at ∼0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as ∼0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to ∼26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China. CONCLUSIONS: HDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol.

• MeSH
• Asijci MeSH
• běloši MeSH
• cholesterol krev   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• HDL-cholesterol MeSH
• LDL-cholesterol MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy krev   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• surveillance populace metody   MeSH
• triglyceridy krev   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Kanada MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

In spring 2016, Greece reported an outbreak caused by a previously undescribed Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica serotype (antigenic formula 11:z41:e,n,z15) via the Epidemic Intelligence Information System for Food- and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses (EPIS-FWD), with epidemiological evidence for sesame products as presumptive vehicle. Subsequently, Germany, Czech Republic, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom (UK) reported infections with this novel serotype via EPIS-FWD. Concerned countries in collaboration with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) adopted a common outbreak case definition. An outbreak case was defined as a laboratory-confirmed notification of the novel Salmonella serotype. Between March 2016 and April 2017, 47 outbreak cases were notified (Greece: n = 22; Germany: n = 13; Czech Republic: n = 5; Luxembourg: n = 4; UK: n = 3). Whole genome sequencing revealed the very close genetic relatedness of isolates from all affected countries. Interviews focusing on sesame product consumption, suspicious food item testing and trace-back analysis following Salmonella spp. detection in food products identified a company in Greece where sesame seeds from different countries were processed. Through European collaboration, it was possible to identify and recall sesame spread as one contaminated food item serving as vehicle of infection and trace it back to its origin.

• MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• otrava salmonelou epidemiologie   MeSH
• Salmonella enterica klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelóza epidemiologie   MeSH
• sekvenování celého genomu MeSH
• séroskupina MeSH
• sérotypizace MeSH
• Sesamum mikrobiologie   MeSH
• surveillance populace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

IntroductionSequence-based typing of hepatitis A virus (HAV) is important for outbreak detection, investigation and surveillance. In 2013, sequencing was central to resolving a large European Union (EU)-wide outbreak related to frozen berries. However, as the sequenced HAV genome regions were only partly comparable between countries, results were not always conclusive.AimThe objective was to gather information on HAV surveillance and sequencing in EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries to find ways to harmonise their procedures, for improvement of cross-border outbreak responses.MethodsIn 2014, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) conducted a survey on HAV surveillance practices in EU/EEA countries. The survey enquired whether a referral system for confirming primary diagnostics of hepatitis A existed as well as a central collection/storage of hepatitis A cases' samples for typing. Questions on HAV sequencing procedures were also asked. Based on the results, an expert consultation proposed harmonised procedures for cross-border outbreak response, in particular regarding sequencing. In 2016, a follow-up survey assessed uptake of suggested methods.ResultsOf 31 EU/EEA countries, 23 (2014) and 27 (2016) participated. Numbers of countries with central collection and storage of HAV positive samples and of those performing sequencing increased from 12 to 15 and 12 to 14 respectively in 2016, with all countries typing an overlapping fragment of 218 nt. However, variation existed in the sequenced genomic regions and their lengths.ConclusionsWhile HAV sequences in EU/EEA countries are comparable for surveillance, collaboration in sharing and comparing these can be further strengthened.

• MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Evropská unie MeSH
• hepatitida A diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární typizace metody   MeSH
• RNA virová analýza   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sekvenování celého genomu metody   MeSH
• surveillance populace metody   MeSH
• virus hepatitidy A genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

BackgroundThe total incidence of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Europe has been declining in recent years; however, a rising incidence due to serogroup W (MenW), predominantly sequence type 11 (ST-11), clonal complex 11 (cc11), was reported in some European countries.AimThe aim of this study was to compile the most recent laboratory surveillance data on MenW IMD from several European countries to assess recent trends in Europe.MethodsIn this observational, retrospective study, IMD surveillance data collected from 2013-17 by national reference laboratories and surveillance units from 13 European countries were analysed using descriptive statistics.ResultsThe overall incidence of IMD has been stable during the study period. Incidence of MenW IMD per 100,000 population (2013: 0.03; 2014: 0.05; 2015: 0.08; 2016: 0.11; 2017: 0.11) and the proportion of this serogroup among all invasive cases (2013: 5% (116/2,216); 2014: 9% (161/1,761); 2015: 13% (271/2,074); 2016: 17% (388/2,222); 2017: 19% (393/2,112)) continuously increased. The most affected countries were England, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Sweden. MenW was more frequent in older age groups (≥ 45 years), while the proportion in children (< 15 years) was lower than in other age groups. Of the culture-confirmed MenW IMD cases, 80% (615/767) were caused by hypervirulent cc11.ConclusionDuring the years 2013-17, an increase in MenW IMD, mainly caused by MenW cc11, was observed in the majority of European countries. Given the unpredictable nature of meningococcal spread and the epidemiological potential of cc11, European countries may consider preventive strategies adapted to their contexts.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningokokové infekce diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• Neisseria meningitidis klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• séroskupina MeSH
• surveillance populace metody   MeSH
• věkové rozložení MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

AIMS: The ESCAPE-NET project ("European Sudden Cardiac Arrest network- towards Prevention, Education and New Effective Treatments") aims to study: (1) risk factors and mechanisms for the occurrence of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in the population, and (2) risk factors and treatment strategies for survival after SCA on a European scale. METHODS: This is an Horizon2020 funded program of the European Union, performed by a European public-private consortium of 16 partners across 10 EU countries. There are 11 deep-phenotyped SCA cohorts for the study of risk factors and treatment strategies for survival after SCA, and 5 deep-phenotyped observational prospective population cohorts for the study of risk factors for occurrence of SCA. Personalized risk scores for predicting SCA onset and for predicting survival after SCA will be derived and validated. RESULTS: The 11 clinical studies with SCA cases comprise 85,790 SCA cases; the 5 observational prospective population cohorts include 53,060 subjects. A total of 15,000 SCA samples will be genotyped for common and rare variants at the Helmholtz Zentrum München (Germany) using the Illumina Global Screening Array which contains > 770,000 SNPs, and after imputation, a database of an estimated > 9 million variants will be available for genome wide association studies. Standardization of risk factors definition and outcomes is ongoing. An Executive Committee has been created along with a Collaboration Policy document. CONCLUSION: ESCAPE-NET will complement ongoing efforts on SCA outside Europe and within Europe including the EuReCa project.

• MeSH
• databáze faktografické MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náhlá srdeční smrt epidemiologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• surveillance populace metody   MeSH
• urgentní zdravotnické služby statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zástava srdce mimo nemocnici etiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

PURPOSE: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness in the elderly population. Although there are prevalence studies for AMD in Europe, data are scarce for the Slovakian population. METHODS: This was a prospective, multicenter, non-interventional, mobile clinic-based cross-sectional study that assessed age-specific prevalence of AMD in the Slovakian population and risk factors associated with AMD. The type of AMD was graded based on the international age-related maculopathy grading system; optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used for the differential diagnosis. Overall, 3,278 patients were screened; the fundus photographs, OCT scans, and self-reports were collected at the mobile clinic in a single visit. RESULTS: The prevalence of AMD in the study population was 8.99% (wet AMD 1.01%; dry AMD 7.85%), whereas the extrapolated estimate in the entire Slovakian population was 3.3% (wet AMD 0.3%; dry AMD 3.0%). Age, smoking, and hypertension were risk factors associated with AMD; however, contrary to reports in the literature, no gender-specific association was observed. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, mobile clinics may be an effective way to extend health care access to a larger population. Early diagnosis of AMD will assist in early treatment and effective disease management of the population at risk.

• MeSH
• hodnocení rizik metody   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makulární degenerace diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• mobilní zdravotnické jednotky statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• optická koherentní tomografie MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• surveillance populace metody   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• věkové rozložení MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

Since 2007, the year of their first widespread use, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become the "gold standard" for the detection of causal genes and polymorphisms in all fields of human medicine. Cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, is no exception. The first GWAS focused on hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia as the major CVD determinants. GWAS confirm the importance of most of the previously identified genes (e.g. APOE, APOB, LDL-R) and recognize the importance of new genetic determinants (e.g. within the CILP2 or SORT1 gene clusters). Nevertheless, the results of GWAS still require confirmation by independent studies, as interethnic and interpopulation variability of SNP effects have been reported. We analyzed an association between eight variants within seven through GWAs detected loci and plasma lipid values in the Czech post-MONICA population sample (N=2,559). We confirmed an association (all P<0.01) between plasma LDL-cholesterol values and variants within the CILP2 (rs16996148), SORT1 (rs646776), APOB (rs693), APOE (rs4420638) and LDL-R (rs6511720) genes in both males (N=1,194) and females (N=1,368). In contrast, variants within the APOB (rs515135), PCSK9 (rs11206510) and HMGCoAR (rs12654264) genes did not significantly affect plasma lipid values in Czech males or females. Unweighted gene score values were linearly associated with LDL-cholesterol values both in males (P<0.0005) and females (P<0.00005). We confirmed the effects of some, but not all analyzed SNPs on LDL-cholesterol levels, reinforcing the necessity for replication studies of GWA-detected gene variants.

• MeSH
• celogenomová asociační studie metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hypercholesterolemie krev   epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika   MeSH
• LDL-cholesterol krev   genetika   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multifaktoriální dědičnost genetika   MeSH
• surveillance populace * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: The EUROASPIRE (European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events) cross-sectional surveys describe time trends in lifestyle and risk factor control among coronary patients between 1999 and 2013 in Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, and the United Kingdom as part of the EuroObservational Research Programme under the auspices of European Society of Cardiology. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to describe time trends in lifestyle, risk factor control, and the use of evidence-based medication in coronary patients across Europe. METHODS: The EUROASPIRE II (1999 to 2000), III (2006 to 2007), and IV (2012 to 13) surveys were conducted in the same geographical areas and selected hospitals in each country. Consecutive patients (≤70 years) after coronary artery bypass graft, percutaneous coronary intervention, or an acute coronary syndrome identified from hospital records were interviewed and examined ≥6 months later with standardized methods. RESULTS: Of 12,775 identified coronary patients, 8,456 (66.2%) were interviewed. Proportion of current smokers was similar across the 3 surveys. Prevalence of obesity increased by 7%. The prevalence of raised blood pressure (≥140/90 mm Hg or ≥140/80 mm Hg with diabetes) dropped by 8% from EUROASPIRE III to IV, and therapeutic control of blood pressure improved with 55% of patients below target in IV. The prevalence of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥2.5 mmol/l decreased by 44%. In EUROASPIRE IV, 75% were above the target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <1.8 mmol/l. The prevalence of self-reported diabetes increased by 9%. The use of evidence-based medications increased between the EUROASPIRE II and III surveys, but did not change between the III and IV surveys. CONCLUSIONS: Lifestyle habits have deteriorated over time with increases in obesity, central obesity, and diabetes and stagnating rates of persistent smoking. Although blood pressure and lipid management improved, they are still not optimally controlled and the use of evidence-based medications appears to have stalled apart from the increased use of high-intensity statins. These results underline the importance of offering coronary patients access to modern preventive cardiology programs.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik metody   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• koronární nemoc epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• předpověď * MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• primární prevence metody   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• surveillance populace metody   MeSH
• životní styl * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

Background Inappropriate use of antibiotics is a public health problem of great concern. Objective To evaluate knowledge of antibiotics, race, gender and age as independent risk factors for self-medication. Setting Residents and population from different regions of Saudi Arabia. Methods We conducted a cross sectional survey study among residents. Data were collected between June 2014 to May, 2015 from 1310 participants and data were recorded anonymously. The questionnaire was randomly distributed by interview of participants and included sociodemographic characteristics, antibiotics knowledge, attitudes and behavior with respect to antibiotics usage. Main outcome measure Population aggregate scores on questions and data were analyzed using univariate logistic regression to evaluate the influence of variables on self-prescription of antibiotics. Results The response rate was 87.7 %. A cumulative 63.6 % of participants reported to have purchased antibiotics without a prescription from pharmacies; 71.1 % reported that they did not finish the antibiotic course as they felt better. The availability of antibiotics without prescription was found to be positively associated with self-medication (OR 0.238, 95 % CI 0.17-0.33). Of those who used prescribed or non-prescribed antibiotics, 44.7 % reported that they kept left-over antibiotics from the incomplete course of treatment for future need. Interestingly, 62 % of respondents who used drugs without prescription agreed with the statement that antibiotics should be access-controlled prescribed by a physician. We also found significant association between storage, knowledge/attitudes and education. Conclusions The overall level of awareness on antibiotics use among residents in Saudi Arabia is low. This mandates public health awareness intervention programs to be implemented on the use of antibiotics.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence účinky léků   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• surveillance populace * metody   MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Saudská Arábie epidemiologie   MeSH