BACKGROUND: Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue (TPE) is the causative agent of yaws, a multi-stage disease, endemic in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and South America. To date, four TPE strains have been completely sequenced including three TPE strains of human origin (Samoa D, CDC-2, and Gauthier) and one TPE strain (Fribourg-Blanc) isolated from a baboon. All TPE strains are highly similar to T. pallidum subsp. pallidum (TPA) strains. The mutation rate in syphilis and related treponemes has not been experimentally determined yet. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Complete genomes of two TPE strains, CDC 2575 and Ghana-051, that infected patients in Ghana and were isolated in 1980 and 1988, respectively, were sequenced and analyzed. Both strains had identical consensus genome nucleotide sequences raising the question whether TPE CDC 2575 and Ghana-051 represent two different strains. Several lines of evidence support the fact that both strains represent independent samples including regions showing intrastrain heterogeneity (13 and 5 intrastrain heterogeneous sites in TPE Ghana-051 and TPE CDC 2575, respectively). Four of these heterogeneous sites were found in both genomes but the frequency of alternative alleles differed. The identical consensus genome sequences were used to estimate the upper limit of the yaws treponeme evolution rate, which was 4.1 x 10-10 nucleotide changes per site per generation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The estimated upper limit for the mutation rate of TPE was slightly lower than the mutation rate of E. coli, which was determined during a long-term experiment. Given the known diversity between TPA and TPE genomes and the assumption that both TPA and TPE have a similar mutation rate, the most recent common ancestor of syphilis and yaws treponemes appears to be more than ten thousand years old and likely even older.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- Escherichia coli genetika MeSH
- frambézie epidemiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- genom bakteriální * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mapování chromozomů MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- Papio mikrobiologie MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- Treponema pallidum klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Asie epidemiologie MeSH
- Ghana epidemiologie MeSH
- Jižní Amerika epidemiologie MeSH
Forty strains of Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) subspecies salamae (II), arizonae (IIIa), diarizonae (IIIb), and houtenae (IV) were isolated from human or environmental samples and tested for bacteriophage production. Production of bacteriophages was observed in 15 S. enterica strains (37.5%) belonging to either the subspecies salamae (8 strains) or diarizonae (7 strains). Activity of phages was tested against 52 pathogenic S. enterica subsp. enterica isolates and showed that phages produced by subsp. salamae had broader activity against pathogenic salmonellae compared to phages from the subsp. diarizonae. All 15 phages were analyzed using PCR amplification of phage-specific regions and 9 different amplification profiles were identified. Five phages (SEN1, SEN4, SEN5, SEN22, and SEN34) were completely sequenced and classified as temperate phages. Phages SEN4 and SEN5 were genetically identical, thus representing a single phage type (i.e. SEN4/5). SEN1 and SEN4/5 fit into the group of P2-like phages, while the SEN22 phage showed sequence relatedness to P22-like phages. Interestingly, while phage SEN34 was genetically distantly related to Lambda-like phages (Siphoviridae), it had the morphology of the Myoviridae family. Based on sequence analysis and electron microscopy, phages SEN1 and SEN4/5 were members of the Myoviridae family and phage SEN22 belonged to the Podoviridae family.
- MeSH
- DNA virů genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
- fágy salmonel klasifikace izolace a purifikace fyziologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genom virový MeSH
- lyzogenie MeSH
- mikrobiologie životního prostředí MeSH
- Salmonella enterica izolace a purifikace virologie MeSH
- salmonelóza mikrobiologie MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- sekvenční homologie nukleových kyselin MeSH
- virová nálož MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Československo MeSH
- Názvy látek
- DNA virů MeSH
During the microbiological research performed within the scope of activities of Czech expeditions based at the Johann Gregor Mendel Station at James Ross Island, Antarctica, two psychrotrophic gram-stain negative non-fluorescent strains CCM 8506T and CCM 8507 from soil were extensively characterized using genotypic and phenotypic methods. Initial characterization using ribotyping with HindIII restriction endonuclease and phenotyping implies that both isolates belong to a single Pseudomonas species. Sequencing of rrs, rpoB, rpoD and glnA genes of strain CCM 8506(T) confirmed affiliation of investigated strains within the genus Pseudomonas. Further investigation using automated ribotyping with EcoRI (RiboPrinter(®) Microbial Characterisation System), whole-cell protein profiling using the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer system, extensive biochemical testing and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments confirmed that both investigated strains are members of a single taxon which is clearly separated from all hitherto described Pseudomonas spp. Based on all findings, we describe a novel species Pseudomonas gregormendelii sp. nov. with the type strain CCM 8506(T) (=LMG 28632T).
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- DNA bakterií genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- Pseudomonas klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Antarktida MeSH
- Názvy látek
- bakteriální proteiny MeSH
- DNA bakterií MeSH
- ribozomální DNA MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH
The strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is widely used as an efficient probiotic in therapy and prevention of human infectious diseases, especially of the intestinal system. Concurrently, small adult pigs are being used as experimental omnivore models to study human gastrointestinal functions. EcN bacteria were applied to 6 adult healthy female pigs in a 2-week trial. 6 Control animals remained untreated. Altogether, 164 and 149 bacterial strains were isolated from smear samples taken from gastrointestinal mucosa in the experimental and control group, respectively. Each individual E. coli strain was then tested for the presence of 29 bacteriocin-encoding determinants as well as for DNA markers of A, B1, B2 and D phylogenetic groups. A profound reduction of E. coli genetic variance (from 32 variants to 13 ones, P = 0.0006) was found in the experimental group, accompanied by a lower incidence of bacteriocin producers in the experimental group when compared to control (21.3 and 34.9%, respectively; P = 0.007) and by changes in the incidence of individual bacteriocin types. The experimental administration of EcN strain was not sufficient for stable colonization of porcine gut, but induced significant changes in the enterobacterial microbiota.
- MeSH
- bakteriální geny MeSH
- bakteriociny genetika MeSH
- Escherichia coli klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genetická variace MeSH
- molekulární typizace MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- probiotika aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- společenstvo * MeSH
- střevní sliznice mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- bakteriociny MeSH
BACKGROUND: Bacteriocin production is an important characteristic of E. coli strains of human origin. To date, 26 colicin and 9 microcin types have been analyzed on a molecular level allowing molecular detection of the corresponding genes. The production incidence of 29 bacteriocin types and E. coli phylogroups were tested in a set of 361 E. coli strains isolated from human urinary tract infections (UTI) and in 411 control strains isolated from feces of patients without bacterial gut infection. RESULTS: Production of 17 and 20 individual bacteriocin types was found in the UTI and control strains, respectively. Microcin H47 encoding determinants were found more often among UTI strains compared to controls (37.9% and 27.0% respectively, p = 0.02) and strains producing microcin H47 belonged predominantly to phylogroup B2 when compared to other bacteriocin producers (67.4% and 36.7%, respectively; p < 0.0001). Producers of 3 or more identified bacteriocin types were more common in the UTI group (20.0% compared to 12.4% in controls, p = 0.03). In the UTI strains, there was a markedly higher number of those producing colicin E1 compared to controls (22.1% to 10.2%, respectively, p = 0.0008). Moreover, colicin E1 production was more common in the UTI bacteriocinogenic strains with multi-producer capabilities. As shown by Southern blotting, pColE1 DNA was not recognized by the ColIa probe and vice versa suggesting that pColE1 was independently associated with pColIa in UTI strains. CONCLUSION: E. coli strains isolated from human urinary tract infections showed increased incidence of microcin H47 and colicin E1 production, respectively. Moreover, colicin E1 itself appears to be a potentially important virulence factor of certain uropathogenic E. coli strains.
- MeSH
- bakteriociny biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- Escherichia coli genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- faktory virulence genetika metabolismus MeSH
- feces mikrobiologie MeSH
- infekce močového ústrojí mikrobiologie MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli mikrobiologie MeSH
- koliciny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- uropatogenní Escherichia coli genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- bakteriociny MeSH
- faktory virulence MeSH
- koliciny MeSH
