Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial process with significance in the metastasis of malignant tumors. It is through the acquisition of plasticity that cancer cells become more mobile and gain the ability to metastasize to other tissues. The mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) is the return to an epithelial state, which allows for the formation of secondary tumors. Both processes, EMT and MET, are regulated by different pathways and different mediators, which affects the sophistication of the overall tumorigenesis process. Not insignificant are also cancer stem cells and their participation in the angiogenesis, which occur very intensively within tumors. Difficulties in effectively treating cancer are primarily dependent on the potential of cancer cells to rapidly expand and occupy secondarily vital organs. Due to the ability of these cells to spread, the concept of the circulating tumor cell (CTC) has emerged. Interestingly, CTCs exhibit molecular diversity and stem-like and mesenchymal features, even when derived from primary tumor tissue from a single patient. While EMT is necessary for metastasis, MET is required for CTCs to establish a secondary site. A thorough understanding of the processes that govern the balance between EMT and MET in malignancy is crucial.

• Klíčová slova
• Cancer stem Cells, Circulating Tumor cell (CTC), Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition (EMT), Mesenchymal-epithelial Transition (MET),
• MeSH
• epitelo-mezenchymální tranzice * MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• kmenové buňky metabolismus   cytologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové cirkulující buňky * patologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• nádorové kmenové buňky * patologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory patologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• patologická angiogeneze * patologie   MeSH
• proliferace buněk genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Genes influencing oocyte maturation may be valuable for predicting their developmental potential, as well as discerning the mechanistic pathways regulating oocyte development. In the presented research microarray gene expression analysis of immature and in vitro matured porcine oocytes was performed. Two groups of oocytes were compared in the study: before (3 × n = 50) and after in vitro maturation (3 × n = 50). The selection of viable oocytes was performed using the brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) test. Furthermore, microarrays and RT-qPCR was used to analyze the transcriptome of the oocytes before and after IVM. The study focused on the genes undergoing differential expression in two gene-ontology groups: "Cellular response to hormone stimulus" and "Cellular response to unfolded protein", which contain genes that may directly or indirectly be involved in signal transduction during oocyte maturation. Examination of all the genes of interest showed a lower level of their expression after IVM. From the total number of genes in these gene ontologies ten of the highest change in expression were identified: FOS, ID2, BTG2, CYR61, ESR1, AR, TACR3, CCND2, EGR2 and TGFBR3. The successful maturation of the oocytes was additionally confirmed with the use of lipid droplet assay. The genes were briefly described and related to the literature sources, to investigate their potential roles in the process of oocyte maturation. The results of the study may serve as a basic molecular reference for further research aimed at improving the methods of oocyte in vitro maturation, which plays an important role in the procedures of assisted reproduction.

• Klíčová slova
• Microarray, Mitochondrial activity, Oocyte maturation, Pig,
• MeSH
• eosin chemie   MeSH
• hematoxylin chemie   MeSH
• hormony genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• IVM techniky * MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• lipidy analýza   MeSH
• oocyty růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• oxaziny chemie   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• Brilliant Cresyl Blue MeSH Prohlížeč
• eosin MeSH
• hematoxylin MeSH
• hormony MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• oxaziny MeSH

The primary function of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) is the support of oocytes during maturation and development. Molecular analyses of granulosa cell-associated processes, leading to improvement of understanding of the cell cycle events during the formation of ovarian follicles (folliculogenesis), may be key to improve the in vitro fertilization procedures. Primary in vitro culture of porcine GCs was employed to examine the changes in the transcriptomic profile of genes belonging to "cell cycle", "cell division", "cell cycle process", "cell cycle phase transition", "cell cycle G1/S phase transition", "cell cycle G2/M phase transition" and "cell cycle checkpoint" ontology groups. During the analysis, microarrays were employed to study the transcriptome of GCs, analyzing the total RNA of cells from specific periods of in vitro cultures. This research was based on material obtained from 40 landrace gilts of similar weight, age and the same living conditions. RNA was isolated at specific timeframes: before the culture was established (0 h) and after 48 h, 96 h and 144 h in vitro. Out of 133 differentially expressed genes, we chose the 10 most up-regulated (SFRP2, PDPN, PDE3A, FGFR2, PLK2, THBS1, ETS1, LIF, ANXA1, TGFB1) and the 10 most downregulated (IGF1, NCAPD2, CABLES1, H1FOO, NEK2, PPAT, TXNIP, NUP210, RGS2 and CCNE2). Some of these genes known to play key roles in the regulation of correct cell cycle passage (up-regulated SFRP2, PDE3A, PLK2, LIF and down-regulated CCNE2, TXNIP, NEK2). The data obtained provide a potential reference for studies on the process of mammalian folliculogenesis, as well as suggests possible new genetic markers for cell cycle progress in in vitro cultured porcine granulosa cells.

• Klíčová slova
• Granulosa cells, Microarray, Ovarian follicle, Pig, Primary culture,
• MeSH
• buněčný cyklus genetika   MeSH
• folikulární buňky cytologie   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• ovariální folikul cytologie   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• transkriptom * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Luminal epithelial cells are the first embryonic-maternal contact site undergoing very specific changes associated with reproductive processes. Cells prepare for embryo development by increasing their volume, with the help of aquaporins that provide a transcellular path of rapid water movement during the secretion and absorption of fluids, as well as connexins enabling the flow of inorganic ions and small molecules. In this work, we have examined how AQPs and Cx's behave in luminal epithelium primary cell culture. Cells obtained from porcine specimen during slaughter were primarily in vitro cultured for 7 days. Their proliferation patterns were then analyzed using RTCA, with the expression of genes of interest evaluated with the use of immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR. The results of these changes of gene of interest expression were analyzed on each of the seven days of the porcine luminal primary cell culture. Our study showed that the significant changes were noted in the case of Cx43, whose level of protein expression and distribution increases after 120 hours of culture, when the cells enter the lag phase, and maintains an upward trend until the end of the culture. We noted an increase in AQP4, AQP7, AQP8, and AQP11 levels throughout the entire culture period, while the largest differences in expression were found in AQP3, AQP4, and AQP10. The obtained results could become a point of reference for further in vivo and clinical research. Experiments conducted with these proteins showed that they influence the endometrial fluid content during the oestrous cycle and participate in the process of angiogenesis, which intensifies during endometrial development.

• MeSH
• akvaporiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické modely * MeSH
• buněčné kultury * MeSH
• endometrium cytologie   MeSH
• epitelové buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• konexiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• proliferace buněk genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese * MeSH
• tvar buňky MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• akvaporiny MeSH
• konexiny MeSH

Endometrial cells undergo very specific changes associated with reproductive processes. Cells prepare for embryo development by increasing their volume. Then, if fertilization fails, endometrial cells are liable for apoptosis, preparing new cells that are ready for subsequent processes related to the possibility of embryo implantation and the development of pregnancy. PTX3 and TNFAIP6 are absent or reduced in cultured COCs, resulting in a functional change in COC in vitro. In this work, we want to check how PTX3, HAS2 and TNFAIP6 behave in luminal epithelium primary cell culture. Cells obtained during slaughter from porcine specimens were cultured primarily in vitro for 7 days. Their proliferation patterns were then analysed using RTCA, with the expression of genes of interest evaluated with the use of immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR. The results of these changes in the expression of the genes of interest were analysed on each of the seven days of the porcine luminal primary cell culture. Our study showed the increased level of PTX3, HAS2 and TN¬FAIP6 expression at the same hours of primary culture. Rt-qPCR showed a higher level of expression of the PTX3 gene in the first 72 h, at the end of the lag phase (in the phase of stasis in which the cells adapt to the new environment and often die). In contrast, TNFAIP6 expression increases about 96 hours when the cells are in the full log phase (logarithmic phase growth) and continue this trend in the plateau phase. We did not observe such drastic changes in the HAS2 expression pattern, which leads us to hypothesize that PTX3 and TNFAIP6 are designed to maintain a constant level of HAS2 in the cell throughout its lifetime. The obtained results could become a point of reference for further in vivo and clinical research.

• Klíčová slova
• genes expression, luminal epithelial cells, pig, primary culture,
• MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein genetika   MeSH
• endometrium cytologie   MeSH
• epitelové buňky cytologie   MeSH
• hyaluronansynthasy genetika   MeSH
• molekuly buněčné adheze genetika   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• primární buněčná kultura MeSH
• proliferace buněk MeSH
• sérový amyloidový protein genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• C-reaktivní protein MeSH
• hyaluronansynthasy MeSH
• molekuly buněčné adheze MeSH
• PTX3 protein MeSH Prohlížeč
• sérový amyloidový protein MeSH

Shuttling proteins are molecules that can facilitate transport through the nuclear envelope. A very large number of proteins are involved in this process that includes nuclear pore buildup, signal, receptor and enzyme proteins. There are many examples of proteins whose biological activity depends on nucleocytoplasmic transport. Very often they are largely responsible for the proper occurrence of cell division, maturation, development and differentiation. Thanks to the well mastered methods of in vitro cell culture, it is possible to trace the levels of protein expression and their distribution in cells. Advanced molecular techniques allow for precise determination of their displacement in time. Several studies are still being carried out, using primary cultures, to identify the factors that determine the maturation, development and differentiation of cells. In understanding of the detailed mechanisms controlling cell life, the key is not the level of expression of a specific protein, but its distribution in individual cellular compartments.

• Klíčová slova
• in vitro growth and development, nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling, primary cell model,
• MeSH
• aktivní transport - buněčné jádro * MeSH
• buněčné jádro metabolismus   MeSH
• cytoplazma metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• primární buněčná kultura * MeSH
• proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteiny MeSH

Human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) exhibit CD29, CD79 and CD105 markers, characteristic for mesenchymal cell lines. Under the influence of the appropriate factors, WJ-MSCs can be dedifferentiated to osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, myocytes, cardiomyocytes, glial cells and dopaminergic neurons. Wharton’s jelly (WJ) is one of the potential sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - obtaining these cells does not raise moral or ethical objections, because the umbilical cord (UC) is a regular waste material. The expression of the OCT-4 and Nanog proteins, which are characteristic for WJ-MSCs may indicate that these cells have retained some embryonic character. The collected data suggests that WJMSCs show increased division and telomerase activity compared to bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs). The published results showed no human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II expression, with the possibility of HLA class I modification by WJ-MSCs, allowing for the transplantation of these cells both within the same and other species - which allows the use of human cells in animal models. The results of selected studies indicate that WJ-MSCs can be an essential element of regenerative medicine of the 21st century.

• Klíčová slova
• WJ, clinical application, isolation, mesenchymal stem cells, properties,
• MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace MeSH
• dediferenciace buněk MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky cytologie   MeSH
• proliferace buněk MeSH
• pupečník cytologie   MeSH
• transplantace mezenchymálních kmenových buněk * MeSH
• Whartonův rosol cytologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH

The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) can play different roles in cells. This protein can on the one hand act in the regulation of cell growth and survival, while being an apoptosis inducing factor in different contexts. p75NTR regulates cell cycle not only in nerve cells but also in epithelial oral mucosal cells. In the former, neurotrophin-p75NTR signaling affects cell growth and survival. Recent studies showed that p75NTR is expressed in basal cells of oral mucosal epithelium and can be used as one of the markers of epithelial stem/progenitor cells. This role of p75NTR can be utilised in aspects such as tissue engineering and gene therapy. One of the examples of clinical use of cultivated oral mucosal cells is ocular surface reconstruction. p75NTR can be a significant marker of stem cells in studies of epithelial tissues, especially when the cells will exhibit other specific markers, such as CK13, CK14 and PCNA..

• MeSH
• epitel metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurony MeSH
• nízkoafinní receptor faktorů růstu nervů metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• ústní sliznice metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nízkoafinní receptor faktorů růstu nervů MeSH

Atherosclerosis and disease of graft implanted to bypass occluded coronary or peripheral arteries are similar processes. Patency of implanted grafts is of paramount importance in respect to long-term outcomes. Although few cell types participate in atherosclerotic plaque formation, macrophages play a crucial role. In this article we review the fate of monocytes that infiltrate vessel wall following endothelium damage, and then undergo transformation to macrophages (identified as CD68 positive cells) and eventually lead to severe stenosis of vessel. Opposing biological activity of two subpopulations of macrophages and their impact on plaque instability and its calcification is also presented. At the end of this paper, a possible clinical significance of pre-existing, CD68 positive cell infiltration of vessel wall, applied as aortocoronary grafts, is discussed.

• MeSH
• antigeny diferenciační myelomonocytární metabolismus   MeSH
• ateroskleróza imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• CD antigeny metabolismus   MeSH
• koronární bypass * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrofágy imunologie   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• rejekce štěpu imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny diferenciační myelomonocytární MeSH
• CD antigeny MeSH
• CD68 antigen, human MeSH Prohlížeč

Extraordinary abilities for continuous proliferation and differentiation, associated with constant renewal triggered by stimulation from the mastication process, together with the relative lack of aesthetic complications associated with post-surgery healing, have highlighted buccal pouch mucosa as a potential source of explants that could be used in transplantation and tissue engineering. Additionally, this tissue plays a major role in the oral drug delivery process, which brings special interest to its molecular properties in the context of new drug development. There is therefore a need to analyse the exact mechanisms of oral mucosa functioning, especially when it comes to the processes that are associated with the potential clinical applications. In this study we analysed a complete transcriptome of long-term in vitro cultures of porcine buccal pouch oral mucosa cells. Using a microarray approach, we focused on genes associated with cellular metabolic processes, signalling and adhesion, from 4 gene ontology groups: "Positive regulation of cellular component movement", "Positive regulation of cellular process", "Positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction" and "Single organism cell adhesion". Nineteen genes (CCL8, CXCL2, PLK2, DUSP5, PTGS2, LIF, CCL2, ATP1B1, REL, ITGB3, SCARB1, UGCG, PDPN, LYN, ETS1, FCER1G, TGFB1, RFC4, LMO2) with fold changes higher than |2| and p value Extraordinary abilities for continuous proliferation and differentiation, associated with constant renewal triggered by stimulation from the mastication process, together with the relative lack of aesthetic complications associated with post-surgery healing, have highlighted buccal pouch mucosa as a potential source of explants that could be used in transplantation and tissue engineering. Additionally, this tissue plays a major role in the oral drug delivery process, which brings special interest to its molecular properties in the context of new drug development. There is therefore a need to analyse the exact mechanisms of oral mucosa functioning, especially when it comes to the processes that are associated with the potential clinical applications. In this study we analysed a complete transcriptome of long-term in vitro cultures of porcine buccal pouch oral mucosa cells. Using a microarray approach, we focused on genes associated with cellular metabolic processes, signalling and adhesion, from 4 gene ontology groups: "Positive regulation of cellular component movement", "Positive regulation of cellular process", "Positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction" and "Single organism cell adhesion". Nineteen genes (CCL8, CXCL2, PLK2, DUSP5, PTGS2, LIF, CCL2, ATP1B1, REL, ITGB3, SCARB1, UGCG, PDPN, LYN, ETS1, FCER1G, TGFB1, RFC4, LMO2) with fold changes higher than |2| and p value less than 0.05 were identified, described in context and analysed. While the study needs much further validation to become applicable in a clinical environment, it yields valuable information about the transcriptomic basis of oral mucosal cell functioning in vitro, that might serve as a reference for further research, aiming to apply this knowledge in clinical situations.0.05 were identified, described in context and analysed. While the study needs much further validation to become applicable in a clinical environment, it yields valuable information about the transcriptomic basis of oral mucosal cell functioning in vitro, that might serve as a reference for further research, aiming to apply this knowledge in clinical situations.

• MeSH
• buněčná adheze genetika   MeSH
• buněčné kultury MeSH
• genetické markery genetika   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• prasata * MeSH
• signální transdukce genetika   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese * MeSH
• tvář MeSH
• ústní sliznice cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• genetické markery MeSH