A wide range of portable chlorophyll meters are increasingly being used to measure leaf chlorophyll content as an indicator of plant performance, providing reference data for remote sensing studies. We tested the effect of leaf anatomy on the relationship between optical assessments of chlorophyll (Chl) against biochemically determined Chl content as a reference. Optical Chl assessments included measurements taken by four chlorophyll meters: three transmittance-based (SPAD-502, Dualex-4 Scientific, and MultispeQ 2.0), one fluorescence-based (CCM-300), and vegetation indices calculated from the 400-2500 nm leaf reflectance acquired using an ASD FieldSpec and a contact plant probe. Three leaf types with different anatomy were included: dorsiventral laminar leaves, grass leaves, and needles. On laminar leaves, all instruments performed well for chlorophyll content estimation (R2 > 0.80, nRMSE < 15%), regardless of the variation in their specific internal structure (mesomorphic, scleromorphic, or scleromorphic with hypodermis), similarly to the performance of four reflectance indices (R2 > 0.90, nRMSE < 16%). For grasses, the model to predict chlorophyll content across multiple species had low performance with CCM-300 (R2 = 0.45, nRMSE = 11%) and failed for SPAD. For Norway spruce needles, the relation of CCM-300 values to chlorophyll content was also weak (R2 = 0.45, nRMSE = 11%). To improve the accuracy of data used for remote sensing algorithm development, we recommend calibration of chlorophyll meter measurements with biochemical assessments, especially for species with anatomy other than laminar dicot leaves. The take-home message is that portable chlorophyll meters perform well for laminar leaves and grasses with wider leaves, however, their accuracy is limited for conifer needles and narrow grass leaves. Species-specific calibrations are necessary to account for anatomical variations, and adjustments in sampling protocols may be required to improve measurement reliability.
- Klíčová slova
- Chlorophyll, Leaf pigments, Leaf structure, Leaf with hypodermis, Remote sensing, Vegetation index,
- MeSH
- chlorofyl * analýza metabolismus MeSH
- lipnicovité MeSH
- listy rostlin * anatomie a histologie chemie MeSH
- technologie dálkového snímání metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chlorofyl * MeSH
To date, no study has been conducted to investigate the diversity in honeybee populations of Apis mellifera in the Czech Republic. Between 2022 and 2023, worker bees were collected from colonies distributed throughout the Czech Republic in 77 districts, and their genetic differences were examined using 22 microsatellite loci. The samples were obtained from hives (n = 3647) and through the process of capture on flowers (n = 553). Genetic diversity parameters were assessed for both populations in all 77 districts. The findings demonstrated that honeybee populations exhibit moderate genetic diversity, as evidenced by the number of observed alleles, the Shannon index, and heterozygosity values. There was no discrepancy in diversity between hive and flower samples. Diversity characteristics were determined: mean observed heterozygosity 0.55 (hives) and 0.56 (flowers), and fixation index 0.58 for both populations. The average number of alleles per locus was 13.77 and 11.18 from hives and flowers, respectively. The low FST and FIS values (they measured the level of genetic differentiation between populations and the level of inbreeding, respectively) suggest the absence or minimal genetic diversity within and among studied populations. The genetic variation was calculated as 2% and 1% between populations, 8% and 6% between individuals within populations, and 91% and 93% between all individuals in samples from hives and flowers, respectively. Cluster and DAPC (discriminant analysis principal component) analysis classified the bee samples collected from across the country into three and five to six distinguishable groups, respectively. The honeybee population in the Czech Republic displays sufficient diversity and a partial structure. However, there appears to be no correlation between the genetic groups and the geographic regions to which they are assigned.
- Klíčová slova
- Apis mellifera, Central Europe, district, genetic group, population genetics, sampling method,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In addition to its fruit, the sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) has other parts that can be used as a source of compounds with beneficial biological activity. The content of these metabolites is affected by different inner and outer factors, often as a response to plant defense against various stresses. Leaves of two P. avium. genotypes, Kordia and Regina, grafted on the same rootstock, were analyzed from trees grown in orchards in six different phenological phases for two years. The content of several groups of phenolic compounds, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity of the extracts, and enzyme activity were observed via colorimetric methods on a UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The obtained data showed that the content of metabolites and other parameters in these two genotypes are dependent on the term of harvest, as well as environmental conditions, mainly temperature, but sunshine duration and rainfall also had a certain effect on the compounds in the leaves of Kordia and Regina. Even though the differences between these genotypes were not always significant, it is important to consider the right time to harvest the leaves of the sweet cherry, as their content could vary as a result of the reaction to various other conditions and could reflect the resistance of the chosen genotype.
- Klíčová slova
- abiotic stress, enzymatic activity, phenology, secondary metabolites, sweet cherry,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity in the Czech population of Apis mellifera using mitochondrial DNA markers, tRNAleu-cox2 intergenic region and cox1 gene. A total of 308 samples of bees were collected from the entire Czech Republic (from colonies and flowers in 13 different regions). Following sequencing, several polymorphisms and haplotypes were identified. Analysis of tRNAleu-cox2 sequences revealed three DraI haplotypes (C, A1, and A4). The tRNAleu-cox2 region yielded 10 C lineage haplotypes, one of which is a newly described variant. Three A lineage haplotypes were identified, two of which were novel. A similar analysis of cox1 sequences yielded 16 distinct haplotypes (7 new) within the population. The most prevalent tRNAleu-cox2 haplotype identified was C1a, followed by C2a, C2c, C2l, and C2d. For the cox1 locus, the most frequent haplotypes were HpB02, HpB01, HpB03, and HpB04. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices were high in both loci, in tRNAleu-cox2 with values of 0.682 and 0.00172, respectively, and in cox1 0.789 and 0.00203, respectively. The Tajima's D values were negative and lower in tRNAleu-cox2 than in cox1. The most frequent haplotypes were uniformly distributed across all regions of the Czech Republic. No haplotype of the indigenous M lineage was identified. High diversity and the occurrence of rare haplotypes indicate population expansion and continuous import of tribal material of the C lineage.
- Klíčová slova
- A lineage, Apis mellifera, cox1, introgression, mitochondrial DNA, population, tRNAleu-cox2,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Chromosome segregation in female germ cells and early embryonic blastomeres is known to be highly prone to errors. The resulting aneuploidy is therefore the most frequent cause of termination of early development and embryo loss in mammals. And in specific cases, when the aneuploidy is actually compatible with embryonic and fetal development, it leads to severe developmental disorders. The main surveillance mechanism, which is essential for the fidelity of chromosome segregation, is the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC). And although all eukaryotic cells carry genes required for SAC, it is not clear whether this pathway is active in all cell types, including blastomeres of early embryos. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the recent progress in our understanding of the mechanisms controlling chromosome segregation and how they might work in embryos and mammalian embryos in particular. Our conclusion from the current literature is that the early mammalian embryos show limited capabilities to react to chromosome segregation defects, which might, at least partially, explain the widespread problem of aneuploidy during the early development in mammals.
- Klíčová slova
- CDK1, aneuploidy, cell size, chromosome division, embryo, segregation errors, spindle, spindle assembly checkpoint,
- MeSH
- aneuploidie MeSH
- chromozomy MeSH
- embryonální vývoj * genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- savci genetika MeSH
- segregace chromozomů * MeSH
- velikost buňky MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Clavulanic acid is a molecule with antimicrobial effect used in several livestock species treatment. Its inclusion in the treatment of infectious diseases of broilers requires determination of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters in order to determine the appropriate dosage for broilers and ensure safety of chicken products for human health. The present study describes the optimisation of analytical LC-MS/MS method for identification and quantification of clavulanic acid in broiler chicken plasma and meat. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification for the developed method were 3.09 μg·L-1 and 10.21 μg·L-1 for plasma and 2.57 μg·kg-1 and 8.47 μg·kg-1 for meat. The recoveries of the developed plasma and tissue extraction procedure were > 105.7% and > 95.6%, respectively. The achieved coefficient of variation of within-run precision ranged from 2.8 to 10.9% for plasma and from 6.5 to 8.5% for meat. The pharmacokinetic experiment was performed in 112 Ross broiler chickens assigned into time interval groups ranging from 10 min to 24 h in accredited animal facilities. Administered dose of clavulanic acid was 2.5 mg·kg-1 according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from the experiment are as follows: Cmax = 1.82 ± 0.91 mg·L-1, Tmax = 0.25 h, T1/2 = 0.87 h, Kel = 0.80 ± 0.04 h-1, AUC0-∞ = 2.17 mg·h ·L-1.
- Klíčová slova
- Antibiotics, Clavulanic acid, Pharmacokinetics, Tandem mass spectrometry,
- MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie metody MeSH
- inhibitory beta-laktamasy krev metabolismus farmakokinetika MeSH
- kur domácí MeSH
- kyselina klavulanová krev metabolismus farmakokinetika MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- referenční standardy MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- inhibitory beta-laktamasy MeSH
- kyselina klavulanová MeSH
Phytophthora is arguably one of the most damaging genera of plant pathogens. This pathogen is well suited to transmission via the international plant trade, and globalization has been promoting its spread since the 19th century. Early detection is essential for reducing its economic and ecological impact. Here, a shotgun proteomics approach was utilized for Phytophthora analysis. The collection of 37 Phytophthora isolates representing 12 different species was screened for species-specific peptide patterns. Next, Phytophthora proteins were detected in planta, employing model plants Solanum tuberosum and Hordeum vulgare. Although the evolutionarily conserved sequences represented more than 10% of the host proteome and limited the pathogen detection, the comparison between qPCR and protein data highlighted more than 300 protein markers, which correlated positively with the amount of P. infestans DNA. Finally, the analysis of P. palmivora response in barley revealed significant alterations in plant metabolism. These changes included enzymes of cell wall metabolism, ROS production, and proteins involved in trafficking. The observed root-specific attenuation in stress-response mechanisms, including the biosynthesis of jasmonates, ethylene and polyamines, and an accumulation of serotonin, provided the first insight into molecular mechanisms behind this particular biotic interaction.
- Klíčová slova
- Hordeum vulgare, P. infestans, P. palmivora, Phytophthora, Solanum tuberosum, leaf inoculation, proteomics,
- MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- ječmen (rod) enzymologie metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- listy rostlin metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- metabolické sítě a dráhy MeSH
- nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- peptidy metabolismus MeSH
- Phytophthora infestans genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- proteom metabolismus MeSH
- proteomika MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- Solanum tuberosum metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- peptidy MeSH
- proteom MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
The growth of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) is a typical phenomenon in water bodies worldwide. The use of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) to reduce excessive phytoplankton development is controversial. In the case of cyanobacteria, many of which are toxic, understanding their possible digestion mechanism by fish is particularly desirable. A unique methodical approach, which consists of applying intestinal contents or extracts to a cyanobacteria culture, was used. Unicellular cyanobacteria (Cyanothece) were incubated in vitro with bile, contents of different parts of the intestinal tract, and cytosolic and microsomal extracts of the intestinal tissue of silver carp. The abundance of cyanobacteria decreased in all treatments containing either exclusively bile or its combination with intestinal contents. This research provides the first evidence of non-mechanical digestion of cyanobacteria by silver carp. Cyanobacteria incubated with intestinal contents or extracts reached mostly higher abundances than those incubated with the nutrient medium. The existence of non-mechanical digestion mediated via intestinal contents and extracts or its compensation connected with organic substance uptake is discussed.
- Klíčová slova
- Alga utilization, Blue-green algae, Cyanobacteria, Cyanothece, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,
- MeSH
- kapři mikrobiologie MeSH
- sinice * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
