Biochar made-up of dry olive residue (DOR), a biomass resulting from the olive oil extraction industry, has been proposed to be used as a reclamation agent for the recovery of metal contaminated soils. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the soil application of DOR-based biochar alone or in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) leads to an enhancement in the functionality and abundance of microbial communities inhabiting metal contaminated soils. To study that, a greenhouse microcosm experiment was carried out, where the effect of the factors (i) soil application of DOR-based biochar, (ii) biochar pyrolysis temperature (considering the variants 350 and 500 °C), (iii) soil application dose of biochar (2 and 5%), (iv) soil contamination level (slightly, moderately and highly polluted), (v) soil treatment time (30, 60 and 90 days) and (vi) soil inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae (AM fungus) on β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase activities, FA (fatty acid)-based abundance of soil microbial communities, soil glomalin content and AMF root colonization rates of the wheat plants growing in each microcosm were evaluated. Biochar soil amendment did not stimulate enzyme activities but increased microbial abundances. Dehydrogenase activity and microbial abundances were found to be higher in less contaminated soils and at shorter treatment times. Biochar pyrolysis temperature and application dose differently affected enzyme activities, but while the first factor did not have a significant effect on glucosidase and dehydrogenase, a higher biochar dose resulted in boosted microbial abundances. Soil inoculation with F. mosseae favored the proliferation of soil AMF community and increased soil glomalin content as well as rates of AMF root colonization. This factor also interacted with many of the others evaluated to significantly affect soil enzyme activities, microbial abundances and AMF community. Our results indicate that the application of DOR-based biochar along with AMF fungi is an appropriate approach to improve the status of microbial communities in soils with a moderate metal contamination at short-term.

• MeSH
• dřevěné a živočišné uhlí MeSH
• houby MeSH
• kořeny rostlin chemie   MeSH
• kovy farmakologie   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * analýza   MeSH
• mykorhiza * chemie   MeSH
• Olea * MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biochar MeSH Prohlížeč
• dřevěné a živočišné uhlí MeSH
• kovy MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy MeSH
• půda MeSH

We lack a predictive understanding of the environmental drivers determining the structure and function of archaeal communities as well as the proteome associated with these important soil organisms. Here, we characterized the structure (by 16S rRNA gene sequencing) and function (by metaproteomics) of archaea from 32 soil samples across terrestrial ecosystems with contrasting climate and vegetation types. Our multi-"omics" approach unveiled that genes from Nitrosophaerales and Thermoplasmata dominated soils collected from four continents, and that archaea comprise 2.3 ± 0.3% of microbial proteins in these soils. Aridity positively correlated with the proportion of Nitrosophaerales genes and the number of archaeal proteins. The interaction of climate x vegetation shaped the functional profile of the archaeal community. Our study provides novel insights into the structure and function of soil archaea across climates, and highlights that these communities may be influenced by increasing global aridity.

• Klíčová slova
• 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, Archaea, Climate, Metaproteomics, Soil, Vegetation,
• MeSH
• Archaea * genetika   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• půda * MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• půda * MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

To obtain enzymatic preparations with higher laccase activity levels from Funalia floccosa LPSC 232, available for use in several applications, co-cultures with six filamentous microfungi were tested. A laccase non-producing soil fungus, identified as Penicillium commune GHAIE86, showed an outstanding ability to increase laccase activity (3-fold as compared to that for monoculture) when inoculated in 6-day-old F. floccosa cultures. Maximum laccase production with the F. floccosa and P. commune co-culture reached 60 U/mL, or twice that induced by chemical treatments alone. Our study demonstrated that co-culture with soil fungi might be a promising method for improving laccase production in F. floccosa. Although the enhancement of laccase activity was a function of P. commune inoculation time, two laccase isoenzymes produced by F. floccosa remained unchanged when strains were co-cultured. These data are compatible with the potential of F. floccosa in agricultural applications in soil, whose enzyme machinery could be activated by soil fungi such as P. commune.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• kokultivační techniky MeSH
• lakasa biosyntéza   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiální interakce * MeSH
• Penicillium genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
• Polyporaceae enzymologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Polyporales MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• lakasa MeSH

Microbial communities in human-impacted soils of ancient settlements have been proposed to be used as ecofacts (bioindicators) of different ancient anthropogenic activities. In this study, bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities inhabiting soil of three archaic layers, excavated at the archaeological site on Monte Iato (Sicily, Italy) and believed to have been created in a chronological order in archaic times in the context of periodic cultic feasts, were investigated in terms of (i) abundance (phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and quantitative PCR)), (ii) carbon(C)-source consumption patterns (Biolog-Ecoplates) and (iii) diversity and community composition (Illumina amplicon sequencing). PLFA analyses demonstrated the existence of living bacteria and fungi in the soil samples of all three layers. The upper layer showed increased levels of organic C, which were not concomitant with an increment in the microbial abundance. In taxonomic terms, the results indicated that bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities were highly diverse, although differences in richness or diversity among the three layers were not detected for any of the communities. However, significantly different microbial C-source utilization patterns and structures of bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities in the three layers confirmed that changing features of soil microbial communities reflect different past human activities.

• MeSH
• Archaea genetika   MeSH
• archeologie metody   MeSH
• Bacteria genetika   MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• dusík metabolismus   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• houby genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské činnosti MeSH
• půda MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• uhlík metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Sicilie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• DNA fungální MeSH
• dusík MeSH
• půda MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

Microbial ecology has been recognized as useful in archaeological studies. At Archaic Monte Iato in Western Sicily, a native (indigenous) building was discovered. The objective of this study was the first examination of soil microbial communities related to this building. Soil samples were collected from archaeological layers at a ritual deposit (food waste disposal) in the main room and above the fireplace in the annex. Microbial soil characterization included abundance (cellular phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), viable bacterial counts), activity (physiological profiles, enzyme activities of viable bacteria), diversity, and community structure (bacterial and fungal Illumina amplicon sequencing, identification of viable bacteria). PLFA-derived microbial abundance was lower in soils from the fireplace than in soils from the deposit; the opposite was observed with culturable bacteria. Microbial communities in soils from the fireplace had a higher ability to metabolize carboxylic and acetic acids, while those in soils from the deposit metabolized preferentially carbohydrates. The lower deposit layer was characterized by higher total microbial and bacterial abundance and bacterial richness and by a different carbohydrate metabolization profile compared to the upper deposit layer. Microbial community structures in the fireplace were similar and could be distinguished from those in the two deposit layers, which had different microbial communities. Our data confirmed our hypothesis that human consumption habits left traces on microbiota in the archaeological evidence; therefore, microbiological residues as part of the so-called ecofacts are, like artifacts, key indicators of consumer behavior in the past.

• Klíčová slova
• Archaeomicrobiology, Community level physiological profile (CLPP), Culturable and nonculturable bacteria, PLFA, Soil bacterial and fungal diversity,
• MeSH
• acetáty metabolismus   MeSH
• archeologie * MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• bakteriální nálož MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• DNA fungální MeSH
• enzymatické testy MeSH
• fosfolipidy metabolismus   MeSH
• heterotrofní procesy MeSH
• houby klasifikace   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové metabolismus   MeSH
• lidské činnosti dějiny   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiální společenstva genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetáty MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• DNA fungální MeSH
• fosfolipidy MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH
• půda MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

In the current context of climate change, the study of microbial communities along altitudinal gradients is especially useful. Only few studies considered altitude and season at the same time. We characterized four forest sites located in the Italian Alps, along an altitude gradient (545-2000 m a.s.l.), to evaluate the effect of altitude in spring and autumn on soil microbial properties. Each site in each season was characterized with regard to soil temperature, physicochemical properties, microbial activities (respiration, enzymes), community level physiological profiles (CLPP), microbial abundance and community structure (PLFA). Increased levels of soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrients were found at higher altitudes and in autumn, resulting in a significant increase of (soil dry-mass related) microbial activities and abundance at higher altitudes. Significant site- and season-specific effects were found for enzyme production. The significant interaction of the factors site and incubation temperature for soil microbial activities indicated differences in microbial communities and their responses to temperature among sites. CLPP revealed site-specific effects. Microbial community structure was influenced by altitudinal, seasonal and/or site-specific effects. Correlations demonstrated that altitude, and not season, was the main factor determining the changes in abiotic and biotic characteristics at the sites investigated.

• Klíčová slova
• Alpine soils, PLFA, altitude, enzymes, forest, respiration,
• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• klimatické změny MeSH
• lesy MeSH
• nadmořská výška MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Itálie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• půda MeSH