Azo dyes are used as coloring agent in textile industries at larger scale. As a result, large quantity of dye-enriched waste water is generated which subsequently poses environmental problems. Biological tool involving bacteria having azoreductase enzyme has proved to be more effective and efficient in dye effluent treatment. Current work focuses on Staphylococcus caprae (S. caprae) for degradation and decolorization of Reactive Red-195 (RR-195) azo dye. For this purpose, factors such as pH, temperature, inoculums, carbon and nitrogen sources, and dye concentrations have been optimized for maximum decolorization and degradation. S. caprae (4 mg/mL) efficiently resulted into 90% decolorization of RR-195 dye under static condition at 100 µg/mL concentration, 30 °C and pH 7.0 at a 12-h contact period. FTIR analysis has revealed the formation of new functional groups in the treated dye such as O-H stretch at 3370 cm-1, C-H band stretching at 2928 cm-1, and new band at 1608 cm-1 which specify the degradation of aromatic ring, 1382 and 1118 cm-1 represents desulfonated peaks. Biodegraded metabolites of RR-195 dye such as phenol, 3, 5-di-tert-butylphenol, and phthalic acid have been identified respectively that find industrial applications. Phytotoxicity test has shown non-toxic effects of treated dye on germination of Vigna radiata and Triticum aestivum seeds. Further, antibiotic diffusion assay has confirmed the biosafety of S. caprae.

• Klíčová slova
• Staphylococcus caprae, Biodegradation, GC–MS, RR-195 dye, Toxicity reduction,
• MeSH
• azosloučeniny * metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• barvicí látky * metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace * MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu metabolismus   MeSH
• dusík metabolismus   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• odpadní voda * mikrobiologie   chemie   MeSH
• průmyslový odpad MeSH
• Staphylococcus capitis metabolismus   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Staphylococcus metabolismus   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• textilie MeSH
• textilní průmysl MeSH
• uhlík metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• azosloučeniny * MeSH
• barvicí látky * MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• dusík MeSH
• odpadní voda * MeSH
• průmyslový odpad MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

The Monascus fungi have traditionally been used in Asia for food coloring. Unfortunately, the most well-known species, Monascus purpureus, very often produce mycotoxin citrinin in addition to pigments, which poses a significant problem for the use of pigments in foods. There is a step in pigment biosynthesis where a side chain of five or seven carbons is attached to the tetraketide, the product of polyketide synthase, resulting in the formation of pigments in pairs. Further, it is still unclear whether pigment and citrinin biosyntheses are related or independent. Therefore, this study is focused on the relationship between pigment and citrinin production and pigment analogues that differ in side chain length, all evaluated by the Spearman correlation test. To generate sufficient data, Monascus purpureus DBM 4360 was cultivated with different carbon and nitrogen sources and under osmotic stress induced by glucose and/or sodium chloride. The study reveals a very strong correlation between the production of five- and seven-carbon side chain pigments under all culture conditions tested for all three groups, yellow, orange, and red pigments. The correlation between pigments and citrinin depended on the group assessed and ranged from fair to very strong. While the coordinated synthesis of pigment analogues in pairs has been clearly confirmed, the relationship between pigment and citrinin production was unfortunately neither confirmed nor refuted and must be the subject of further research.

• Klíčová slova
• Monascus purpureus, citrinin, pigments, regulation of secondary metabolites biosynthesis, stress conditions,
• MeSH
• biologické pigmenty * chemická syntéza   MeSH
• citrinin * biosyntéza   chemie   MeSH
• dusík metabolismus   MeSH
• kultivační techniky MeSH
• Monascus * chemie   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• osmotický tlak fyziologie   MeSH
• uhlík metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické pigmenty * MeSH
• citrinin * MeSH
• dusík MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

Plasmodiophora brassicae, a soil-borne biotroph, establishes galls as strong physiological sinks on Brassicaceae plants including Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana. We compare transcriptional profiles of phloem dissected from leaf petioles and hypocotyls of healthy and infected B. napus plants. Our results highlight how pathogenesis accompanies phloem-mediated defence responses whilst exerting a strong influence on carbon-nitrogen (C-N) economy. We observe transcriptional changes indicating decreased aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis, fluctuating jasmonic acid responses, altered amino acid (AA) and nitrate transport, carbohydrate metabolism and modified cytokinin responses. Changes observed in phloem-dissected from upper versus lower plant organs point to phloem as a conduit in mediating C-N repartitioning, nutrition-related signalling and cytokinin dynamics over long distances during clubroot disease. To assess changes in physiology, we measured AAs, sugars and cytokinins, in phloem exudates from B. napus plants. Despite the decrease in most AA and sucrose levels, isopentyl-type cytokinins increased within infected plants. Furthermore, we employed Arabidopsis for visualising promoter activities of B. napus AA and N transporter orthologues and tested the impact of disrupted cytokinin transport during P. brassicae-induced gall formation using Atabcg14 mutants. Our physiological and microscopy studies show that the host developmental reaction to P. brassicae relies on cytokinin and is accompanied by intense nitrogen and carbon repartitioning. Overall, our work highlights the systemic aspects of host responses that should be taken into account when studying clubroot disease.

• Klíčová slova
• Brassica napus, Plasmodiophora brassicae, clubroot, laser dissection transcriptomics, oilseed rape, phloem,
• MeSH
• aminokyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• Arabidopsis * genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• Brassica napus * genetika   metabolismus   fyziologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• dusík metabolismus   MeSH
• floém * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• glukosinoláty metabolismus   MeSH
• listy rostlin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin * parazitologie   genetika   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• Plasmodiophorida * fyziologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• uhlík metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny MeSH
• cyklopentany MeSH
• cytokininy MeSH
• dusík MeSH
• glukosinoláty MeSH
• jasmonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• oxylipiny MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

Perennial herbs of seasonal climates invest carbon into belowground storage organs (e.g. rhizomes) to support growth when photosynthetic acquisition cannot cover demands. An alternative explanation interprets storage allocation as surplus carbon that is undeployable for growth when plants are limited by nutrients/water. We analysed relative investments to rhizomes to see to which of these explanations they align, and asked whether they scale with biomass of aboveground organs in individual species and whether clonal growth traits, phenology or environmental conditions explain investment among populations or species. We measured biomass of rhizomes, aboveground stems and leaves in 20 temperate herbaceous perennial species, each at two localities, establishing allometric relationships for pairs of organs. We correlated relative rhizome investment with clonal traits, environmental gradients and phenology, across species. For pairs of organs, biomass typically scales isometrically. Interspecific allocation differences are largely explained by phenology. Neither interspecific nor intraspecific differences were explained by clonal traits or environment. Storage organs of perennial herbs do not comprise deposition of carbon surplus, but receive greater allocation in capital breeders (early-flowering), than among income breeders (late-flowering) relying on acquisition during growing season. Capital and income breeders in plants deserve further examination of benefits/costs.

• Klíčová slova
• allometry, clonal organ, dominance, perennial, plant phenology,
• MeSH
• biomasa * MeSH
• buněčné klony MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• kvantitativní znak dědičný MeSH
• listy rostlin metabolismus   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• oddenek růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• stonky rostlin růst a vývoj   MeSH
• uhlík metabolismus   MeSH
• životní prostředí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• uhlík MeSH

The density of wood is a key indicator of the carbon investment strategies of trees, impacting productivity and carbon storage. Despite its importance, the global variation in wood density and its environmental controls remain poorly understood, preventing accurate predictions of global forest carbon stocks. Here we analyse information from 1.1 million forest inventory plots alongside wood density data from 10,703 tree species to create a spatially explicit understanding of the global wood density distribution and its drivers. Our findings reveal a pronounced latitudinal gradient, with wood in tropical forests being up to 30% denser than that in boreal forests. In both angiosperms and gymnosperms, hydrothermal conditions represented by annual mean temperature and soil moisture emerged as the primary factors influencing the variation in wood density globally. This indicates similar environmental filters and evolutionary adaptations among distinct plant groups, underscoring the essential role of abiotic factors in determining wood density in forest ecosystems. Additionally, our study highlights the prominent role of disturbance, such as human modification and fire risk, in influencing wood density at more local scales. Factoring in the spatial variation of wood density notably changes the estimates of forest carbon stocks, leading to differences of up to 21% within biomes. Therefore, our research contributes to a deeper understanding of terrestrial biomass distribution and how environmental changes and disturbances impact forest ecosystems.

• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• dřevo * MeSH
• lesy * MeSH
• stromy * růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• uhlík * metabolismus   analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• uhlík * MeSH

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Clonal growth is widespread among herbaceous plants, and helps them to cope with environmental heterogeneity through resource integration via connecting clonal organs. Such integration is considered to balance heterogeneity by translocation of resources from rich to poor patches. However, such an 'equalization' strategy is only one of several possible strategies. Under certain conditions, a strategy emphasizing acropetal movement and exploration of new areas or a strategy of accumulating resources in older ramets may be preferred. The optimal strategy may be determined by environmental conditions, such as resource availability and level of light competition. We aimed to summarize possible translocation strategies in a conceptual analysis and to examine translocation in two species from different habitats. METHODS: Resource translocation was compared between two closely related species from different habitats with contrasting productivity. The study examined the bidirectional translocation of carbon and nitrogen in pairs of mother and daughter ramets grown under light heterogeneity (one ramet shaded) at two developmental stages using stable-isotope labelling. KEY RESULTS: At the early developmental stage, both species translocated resources towards daughters and the translocation was modified by shading. Later, the species of low-productivity habitats, Fragaria viridis, translocated carbon to shaded ramets (both mother and daughter), according to the 'equalization' strategy. In contrast, the species of high-productivity habitats, Potentilla reptans, did not support shaded mother ramets. Nitrogen translocation remained mainly acropetal in both species. CONCLUSIONS: The two studied species exhibited different translocation strategies, which may be linked to the habitat conditions experienced by each species. The results indicate that we need to consider different possible strategies. We emphasize the importance of bidirectional tracing in translocation studies and the need for further studies to investigate the translocation patterns in species from contrasting habitats using a comparative approach.

• Klíčová slova
• Carbon, clonal plants, development, light, nitrogen, physiological integration, stable isotopes, translocation,
• MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• dusík metabolismus   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• jahodník * růst a vývoj   genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• nepohlavní rozmnožování MeSH
• uhlík metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusík MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

The plant kingdom exhibits a diversity of nutritional strategies, extending beyond complete autotrophy. In addition to full mycoheterotrophs and holoparasites, it is now recognized that a greater number of green plants than previously assumed use partly of fungal carbon. These are termed partial mycoheterotrophs or mixotrophs. Notably, some species exhibit a dependency on fungi exclusively during early ontogenetic stages, referred to as initial mycoheterotrophy. Japonolirion osense, a rare plant thriving in serpentinite soils, emerges as a potential candidate for initial mycoheterotrophy or mixotrophy. Several factors support this hypothesis, including its diminutive sizes of shoot and and seeds, the establishment of Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhizal associations, its placement within the Petrosaviales-largely composed of fully mycoheterotrophic species-and its ability to face the challenging conditions of its environment. To explore these possibilities, our study adopts a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing stable isotope abundance analyses, in vitro experiments, anatomical analyses, and comparative plastome analyses. Our study aims to (1) determine whether J. osense relies on fungal carbon during germination, indicating initial mycoheterotrophy, (2) determine if it employs a dual carbon acquisition strategy as an adult, and (3) investigate potential genomic reductions in photosynthetic capabilities. Contrary to expectations, our comprehensive findings strongly indicate that J. osense maintains complete autotrophy throughout its life cycle. This underscores the contrasting nutritional strategies evolved by species within the Petrosaviales.

• Klíčová slova
• Japonolirion osense, In vitro, Mixotrophy, Petrosaviales, Plastome, Stable isotopes,
• MeSH
• autotrofní procesy * MeSH
• heterotrofní procesy * MeSH
• mykorhiza fyziologie   MeSH
• uhlík metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• uhlík MeSH

In drylands, where water scarcity limits vascular plant growth, much of the primary production occurs at the soil surface. This is where complex macro- and microbial communities, in an intricate bond with soil particles, form biological soil crusts (biocrusts). Despite their critical role in regulating C and N cycling in dryland ecosystems, there is limited understanding of the fate of biologically fixed C and N from biocrusts into the mineral soil, or how climate change will affect C and N fluxes between the atmosphere, biocrusts, and subsurface soils. To address these gaps, we subjected biocrust-soil systems to experimental warming and drought under controlled laboratory conditions, monitored CO2 fluxes, and applied dual isotopic labeling pulses (13CO2 and 15N2). This allowed detailed quantification of elemental pathways into specific organic matter (OM) pools and microbial biomass via density fractionation and phospholipid fatty acid analyses. While biocrusts modulated CO2 fluxes regardless of the temperature regime, drought severely limited their photosynthetic C uptake to the extent that the systems no longer sustained net C uptake. Furthermore, the effect of biocrusts extended into the underlying 1 cm of mineral soil, where C and N accumulated as mineral-associated OM (MAOM<63μm). This was strongly associated with increased relative dominance of fungi, suggesting that fungal hyphae facilitate the downward C and N translocation and subsequent MAOM formation. Most strikingly, however, these pathways were disrupted in systems exposed to warming, where no effects of biocrusts on the elemental composition of the underlying soil nor on MAOM were determined. This was further associated with reduced net biological N fixation under combined warming and drought, highlighting how changing climatic conditions diminish some of the most fundamental ecosystem functions of biocrusts, with detrimental repercussions for C and N cycling and the persistence of soil organic matter pools in dryland ecosystems.

En regiones áridas, donde la sequía limita el crecimiento de plantas vasculares, gran parte de la producción primaria ocurre en la superficie del suelo. En este lugar, complejas comunidades microbianas, estrechamente ligadas a partículas del suelo, forman costras biológicas (conocidas también como biocostras). Aunque estas biocostras son cruciales para regular los ciclos del carbono (C) y nitrógeno (N) en ecosistemas áridos, aún existe una comprensión limitada del destino hacia el suelo mineral del C y N fijados biológicamente desde las biocostras, o sobre cómo el cambio climático afectará los flujos de C y N entre la atmósfera, las biocostras y los suelos subsuperficiales. Para abordar estas brechas, sometimos sistemas de biocostra y suelo a aumentos de temperatura y sequía experimentales en condiciones controladas de laboratorio, donde monitoreamos los flujos de CO2 y aplicamos pulsos de etiquetado isotópico dual (13CO2 y 15N2). Esto permitió una cuantificación detallada de las vías de incorporación de los elementos en grupos específicos de materia orgánica (MO) y biomasa microbiana mediante fraccionamiento por densidad y análisis de ácidos grasos de fosfolípidos (PLFA). Si bien las biocostras modularon los flujos de CO2 independientemente del régimen de la temperatura, la sequía restringió severamente la captación fotosintética de C hasta el punto de que los sistemas ya no mantuvieron la absorción neta de C. Además, el efecto de las biocostras se extendió hasta 1 cm del suelo bajo esta, donde el C y el N se acumularon como MO asociada a minerales (MAOM<63μm). Esto se relaciona estrechamente con un aumento en la dominancia relativa de hongos, lo que sugiere que las hifas de los hongos facilitan la translocación descendente de C y N y subsecuentemente la formación de MAOM. Sin embargo, lo más sorprendente es que estas vías se vieron interrumpidas en sistemas expuestos al aumento de temperatura, donde no se determinaron efectos de las biocostras en la composición elemental del suelo subyacente ni en la MAOM. Esto se asoció con una reducción de la fijación biológica neta de N bajo el efecto combinado del aumento de la temperatura y la sequía, destacando cómo las condiciones climáticas cambiantes disminuyen algunas de las funciones ecosistémicas más fundamentales de las biocostras, con repercusiones perjudiciales para el ciclo de C y N y la persistencia de los depósitos de MOS en los ecosistemas áridos.

• Klíčová slova
• C cycle, PLFA, biocrust, biological soil crusts, climate change, dryland, dual labeling, soil organic matter,
• MeSH
• atmosféra * chemie   MeSH
• dusík metabolismus   analýza   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• klimatické změny * MeSH
• koloběh dusíku * MeSH
• koloběh uhlíku * MeSH
• období sucha * MeSH
• oxid uhličitý metabolismus   analýza   MeSH
• půda * chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• uhlík metabolismus   analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusík MeSH
• oxid uhličitý MeSH
• půda * MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

BACKGROUND: Sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) in agricultural soils promises climate change mitigation as well as sustainable ecosystem services. In order to stabilize crop residues as soil carbon (C), addition of mineral nutrients in excess to crop needs is suggested as an inevitable practice. However, the effect of two macronutrients i.e., nitrogen (N) & phosphorus (P), on C cycling has been found contradictory. Mineral N usually decreases whereas mineral P increases the soil organic C (SOC) mineralization and microbial biomass. How the addition of these macronutrients in inorganic form to an organic-matter poor soil affect C cycling remains to be investigated. METHODS: To reconcile this contradiction, we tested the effect of mineral N (120 kg N ha-1) and/or P (60 kg N ha-1) in presence or absence of maize litter (1 g C kg-1 soil) on C cycling in an organic-matter poor soil (0.87% SOC) in a laboratory incubation. Soil respiration was measured periodically during the incubation whereas various soil variables were measured at the end of the incubation. RESULTS: Contrary to literature, P addition stimulated soil C mineralization very briefly at start of incubation period and released similar total cumulative CO2-C as in control soil. We attributed this to low organic C content of the soil as P addition could desorb very low amounts of labile C for microbial use. Adding N with litter built up the largest microbial biomass (144% higher) without inducing any further increase in CO2-C release compared to litter only addition. However, adding P with litter did not induce any increase in microbial biomass. Co-application of inorganic N and P significantly increased C mineralization in presence (19% with respect to only litter amended) as well as absence (41% with respect to control soil) of litter. Overall, our study indicates that the combined application of inorganic N and P stabilizes added organic matter while depletes the already unamended soil.

• Klíčová slova
• Alkaline phosphatase, Microbial biomass, Soil C sequestration, Soil respiration, β-glucosidase,
• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• dusík * metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfor * chemie   MeSH
• koloběh uhlíku MeSH
• kukuřice setá chemie   MeSH
• oxid uhličitý farmakologie   MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva analýza   MeSH
• půda * chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• uhlík metabolismus   MeSH
• zemědělství metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusík * MeSH
• fosfor * MeSH
• oxid uhličitý MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva MeSH
• půda * MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

Forests play a crucial role in global carbon cycling by absorbing and storing significant amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Although boreal forests contribute to approximately 45% of the total forest carbon sink, tree growth and soil carbon sequestration are constrained by nutrient availability. Here, we examine if long-term nutrient input enhances tree productivity and whether this leads to carbon storage or whether stimulated microbial decomposition of organic matter limits soil carbon accumulation. Over six decades, nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium were supplied to a Pinus sylvestris-dominated boreal forest. We found that nitrogen fertilization alone or together with calcium and/or phosphorus increased tree biomass production by 50% and soil carbon sequestration by 65% compared to unfertilized plots. However, the nonlinear relationship observed between tree productivity and soil carbon stock across treatments suggests microbial regulation. When phosphorus was co-applied with nitrogen, it acidified the soil, increased fungal biomass, altered microbial community composition, and enhanced biopolymer degradation capabilities. While no evidence of competition between ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi has been observed, key functional groups with the potential to reduce carbon stocks were identified. In contrast, when nitrogen was added without phosphorus, it increased soil carbon sequestration because microbial activity was likely limited by phosphorus availability. In conclusion, the addition of nitrogen to boreal forests may contribute to global warming mitigation, but this effect is context dependent.

• Klíčová slova
• boreal forest ecosystem, fertilization, microbial community composition, microbial degradation, nutrient limitation, soil carbon storage, structural equation modeling, tree woody biomass,
• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• borovice lesní růst a vývoj   metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• dusík * metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfor * metabolismus   MeSH
• lesy MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva * analýza   MeSH
• půda * chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• sekvestrace uhlíku MeSH
• stromy růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• tajga MeSH
• uhlík * metabolismus   MeSH
• vápník metabolismus   analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusík * MeSH
• fosfor * MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva * MeSH
• půda * MeSH
• uhlík * MeSH
• vápník MeSH