The Monascus fungi have traditionally been used in Asia for food coloring. Unfortunately, the most well-known species, Monascus purpureus, very often produce mycotoxin citrinin in addition to pigments, which poses a significant problem for the use of pigments in foods. There is a step in pigment biosynthesis where a side chain of five or seven carbons is attached to the tetraketide, the product of polyketide synthase, resulting in the formation of pigments in pairs. Further, it is still unclear whether pigment and citrinin biosyntheses are related or independent. Therefore, this study is focused on the relationship between pigment and citrinin production and pigment analogues that differ in side chain length, all evaluated by the Spearman correlation test. To generate sufficient data, Monascus purpureus DBM 4360 was cultivated with different carbon and nitrogen sources and under osmotic stress induced by glucose and/or sodium chloride. The study reveals a very strong correlation between the production of five- and seven-carbon side chain pigments under all culture conditions tested for all three groups, yellow, orange, and red pigments. The correlation between pigments and citrinin depended on the group assessed and ranged from fair to very strong. While the coordinated synthesis of pigment analogues in pairs has been clearly confirmed, the relationship between pigment and citrinin production was unfortunately neither confirmed nor refuted and must be the subject of further research.
- Klíčová slova
- Monascus purpureus, citrinin, pigments, regulation of secondary metabolites biosynthesis, stress conditions,
- MeSH
- biologické pigmenty * chemická syntéza MeSH
- citrinin * biosyntéza chemie MeSH
- dusík metabolismus MeSH
- kultivační techniky MeSH
- Monascus * chemie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- osmotický tlak fyziologie MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- biologické pigmenty * MeSH
- citrinin * MeSH
- dusík MeSH
- uhlík MeSH
The Czech Republic occupies the first place in the world in the frequency of renal and other urinary tract tumours, but their aetiology is unknown. To explore whether carcinogenic and nephrotoxic mycotoxins may contribute to kidney diseases in the Czech population, biomarkers of ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) exposure were determined in biological specimens from a cohort of 50 patients with malignant renal tumours. Biomarker analyses in blood and urine samples used validated targeted methods for measuring OTA and CIT plus dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) after enrichment of analytes by specific immunoaffinity clean-up. OTA and CIT plus its metabolite DH-CIT were frequently detected in patient urine samples (OTA 62%; CIT 91%; DH-CIT 100%). The concentration ranges in urine were 1-27.8 ng/L for OTA, 2-87 ng/L for CIT and 2-160 ng/L for DH-CIT. The analyses of blood samples revealed also a frequent co-occurrence of OTA and CIT, in the ranges of 40-870 ng/L serum for OTA and 21-182 ng/L plasma for CIT. This first analysis of biomarkers in blood and urine samples of Czech patients revealed no major differences in comparison with published data for the general healthy Czech and European populations. Nonetheless, a frequent co-occurrence of CIT and OTA biomarkers in patient samples may be of interest with regard to potential interactions with other risk factors for renal disease.
- Klíčová slova
- Biomarkers, Citrinin, Dihydrocitrinone, Ochratoxin A, Renal carcinogenicity,
- MeSH
- biologické markery krev moč MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- citrinin krev moč MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykotoxiny krev moč MeSH
- nádory ledvin chemie moč MeSH
- ochratoxiny krev moč MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Československo MeSH
- Názvy látek
- biologické markery MeSH
- citrinin MeSH
- mykotoxiny MeSH
- ochratoxin A MeSH Prohlížeč
- ochratoxiny MeSH
Twenty three strains of Penicillium expansum, as a predominant species, were isolated from 23 (92%) out of 25 grape samples of 17 different grape varieties. The results of the identification of P. expansum strains were confirmed by a PCR method. Most of the isolates of P. expansum (21/23, 91%), when tested for toxigenicity, were bi-toxigenic: they produced citrinin (CIT) and particularly high amounts of patulin (PAT). A validated UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of PAT and CIT was applied. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for PAT and CIT in grape must and toxigenicity testing samples were 100 and 2 ng/g, respectively. The results of PAT and CIT quantification in 23 grape must samples demonstrated the occurrence of PAT in 10 (43%) grape must samples (mean: 171 ng/g; median: 50 ng/g; and range: 143-644 ng/g) and the occurrence of CIT in two (9%) grape must samples (mean: 1 ng/g; median: 1 ng/g; and range: 2.5-3.5 ng/g). This is the first report on the natural occurrence of CIT in grape must. A validated HPLC-UV-VIS method for the determination of PAT in wine samples was applied, and concentrations in all 23 wine samples were below the LOQ (<10 ng/g).
- Klíčová slova
- Citrinin, Grape must, Patulin, Penicillium expansum, UPLC-MS/MS, Wine,
- MeSH
- citrinin analýza MeSH
- dietární expozice MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- patulin analýza MeSH
- Penicillium klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- spektrofotometrie ultrafialová MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- víno analýza MeSH
- Vitis chemie MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- citrinin MeSH
- patulin MeSH
Citrinin is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin which can be synthesized by Monascus mold during the fermentation process in foods. Monascus, generally described as red mold, is a red-pigmented filamentous fungus attracting a great interest for the production of natural dyes and cholesterol-lowering statins. We individuated a specie of Monascus producing high amount of natural dyes. However, this high pigmentation was correlated with the production of citrinin. Peculiar magnetic nanoparticles, synthesized in-house and called "Surface Active Maghemite Nanoparticles" (SAMNs), are proposed as an efficient and reliable mean for citrinin removal from Monascus treated foods. The nanomaterial efficiency for citrinin binding was proved on Monascus suspensions, and SAMN@citrinin complex was characterized by Mӧssbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements, showing that SAMNs resulted structurally and magnetically well conserved after citrinin binding. SAMNs are excellent and stable magnetic nano-carrier for toxin removal, which can be applied in food industry.
- Klíčová slova
- Citrinin, Food safety, Magnetic nanoparticles, Monascus, Mycotoxin removal, Natural dyes,
- MeSH
- citrinin analýza MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- kontaminace potravin prevence a kontrola MeSH
- magnetické nanočástice chemie MeSH
- Monascus růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- potravinářská barviva metabolismus MeSH
- potravinářský průmysl metody MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
- spektroskopie Mossbauerova MeSH
- transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- citrinin MeSH
- magnetické nanočástice MeSH
- potravinářská barviva MeSH
A new fast and sensitive method based on on-line solid-phase extraction on a fused-core precolumn coupled to liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection has been developed for ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) determination in lager beer samples. Direct injection of 100 μL filtered beer samples into an on-line SPE-HPLC system enabled fast and effective sample extraction including separation in less than 6 min. Preconcentration of OTA and CIT from beer samples was performed on an Ascentis Express RP C18 guard column (5 × 4.6 mm), particle size 2.7 μm, with a mobile phase of methanol/0.5% aqueous acetic acid pH 2.8 (30:70, v/v) at a flow rate of 2.0 mL min(-1). The flow switch from extraction column to analytical column in back-flush mode was set at 2.0 min and the separation was performed on the fused-core column Ascentis Express Phenyl-Hexyl (100 × 4.6 mm), particle size 2.7 μm, with a mobile phase acetonitrile/0.5% aqueous acetic acid pH 2.8 in a gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min(-1) and temperature of 50 °C. Fluorescence excitation/emission detection wavelengths were set at 335/497 nm. The accuracy of the method, defined as the mean recoveries of OTA and CIT from light and dark beer samples, was in the range 98.3-102.1%. The method showed high sensitivity owing to on-line preconcentration; LOQ values were found to be 10 and 20 ng L(-1) for OTA and CIT, respectively. The found values of OTA and CIT in all tested light, dark and wheat beer samples were significantly below the maximum tolerable limits (3.0 μg kg(-1) for OTA and 2000 μg kg(-1) for CIT) set by the European Union.
- Klíčová slova
- Beer, Citrinin, Fused-core column, Mycotoxins, Ochratoxin A, On-line SPE–HPLC,
- MeSH
- automatizace * MeSH
- citrinin analýza MeSH
- extrakce na pevné fázi metody MeSH
- ochratoxiny analýza MeSH
- pivo analýza MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- citrinin MeSH
- ochratoxin A MeSH Prohlížeč
- ochratoxiny MeSH
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a very important mycotoxin, and its research is focused right now on the new findings of OTA, like being a complete carcinogen, information about OTA producers and new exposure sources of OTA. Citrinin (CIT) is another important mycotoxin, too, and its research turns towards nephrotoxicity. Both additive and synergistic effects have been described in combination with OTA. OTA is produced in foodstuffs by Aspergillus Section Circumdati (Aspergillus ochraceus, A. westerdijkiae, A. steynii) and Aspergillus Section Nigri (Aspergillus carbonarius, A. foetidus, A. lacticoffeatus, A. niger, A. sclerotioniger, A. tubingensis), mostly in subtropical and tropical areas. OTA is produced in foodstuffs by Penicillium verrucosum and P. nordicum, notably in temperate and colder zones. CIT is produced in foodstuffs by Monascus species (Monascus purpureus, M. ruber) and Penicillium species (Penicillium citrinum, P. expansum, P. radicicola, P. verrucosum). OTA was frequently found in foodstuffs of both plant origin (e.g., cereal products, coffee, vegetable, liquorice, raisins, wine) and animal origin (e.g., pork/poultry). CIT was also found in foodstuffs of vegetable origin (e.g., cereals, pomaceous fruits, black olive, roasted nuts, spices), food supplements based on rice fermented with red microfungi Monascus purpureus and in foodstuffs of animal origin (e.g., cheese).
- MeSH
- Aspergillus metabolismus MeSH
- citrinin analýza metabolismus MeSH
- dieta MeSH
- kontaminace potravin * MeSH
- Monascus metabolismus MeSH
- ochratoxiny analýza metabolismus MeSH
- Penicillium metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- citrinin MeSH
- ochratoxin A MeSH Prohlížeč
- ochratoxiny MeSH
The genus Monascus, comprising nine species, can reproduce either vegetatively with filaments and conidia or sexually by the formation of ascospores. The most well-known species of genus Monascus, namely, M. purpureus, M. ruber and M. pilosus, are often used for rice fermentation to produce red yeast rice, a special product used either for food coloring or as a food supplement with positive effects on human health. The colored appearance (red, orange or yellow) of Monascus-fermented substrates is produced by a mixture of oligoketide pigments that are synthesized by a combination of polyketide and fatty acid synthases. The major pigments consist of pairs of yellow (ankaflavin and monascin), orange (rubropunctatin and monascorubrin) and red (rubropunctamine and monascorubramine) compounds; however, more than 20 other colored products have recently been isolated from fermented rice or culture media. In addition to pigments, a group of monacolin substances and the mycotoxin citrinin can be produced by Monascus. Various non-specific biological activities (antimicrobial, antitumor, immunomodulative and others) of these pigmented compounds are, at least partly, ascribed to their reaction with amino group-containing compounds, i.e. amino acids, proteins or nucleic acids. Monacolins, in the form of β-hydroxy acids, inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis in animals and humans.
- MeSH
- barva MeSH
- biologické pigmenty biosyntéza chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- citrinin biosyntéza chemie metabolismus MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Monascus metabolismus MeSH
- potravinářská barviva chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- rýže (rod) metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- biologické pigmenty MeSH
- citrinin MeSH
- potravinářská barviva MeSH
The aims of the study were to obtain information about the occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) in cereals harvested in the Czech Republic and to compare two analytical procedures for detecting OTA. A total of 34 cereal samples, including two matrix reference materials (R-Biopharm, Germany), were analysed. The results were compared with the limit for raw cereal grains used as a foodstuff according to Commission Regulation No. 1881/2006, which allows a maximum OTA level of 5 µg kg(-1). Compared were two methods based on the high-performance liquid chromatography principle, one using the immunoaffinity columns OchraTest (VICAM) and the second based on solvent partition (PART), both followed by fluorescence detection. The highest OTA contents were found in two barley samples. According to the method employed, the results for the first sample (malting barley) were VICAM = 31.43 µg kg(-1) and PART = 44.74 µg kg(-1). For the second sample (feeding barley) they were VICAM = 48.63 µg kg(-1) and PART = 34.40 µg kg(-1). Two samples of bread wheat had an OTA content approaching the legal limit (VICAM = 4.71 µg kg(-1) and PART = 6.03 µg kg(-1); VICAM = 4.12 µg kg(-1) and PART = 3.95 µg kg(-1)). CIT was analysed using the PART method only, and its highest content (93.64 µg kg(-1)) was found for the malting barley sample with high OTA content (44.74 µg kg(-1) as analysed using PART).
- MeSH
- citrinin analýza MeSH
- ječmen (rod) chemie normy MeSH
- jedlá semena chemie normy MeSH
- kontaminace potravin * MeSH
- kontrola potravin metody MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- metody pro přípravu analytických vzorků MeSH
- ochratoxiny analýza normy MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- semena rostlinná chemie MeSH
- voda analýza MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- citrinin MeSH
- ochratoxin A MeSH Prohlížeč
- ochratoxiny MeSH
- voda MeSH
The selective effect of various levels of phosphate and nitrate (as fertilizers) on biosynthesis of aflatoxin by Aspergillus parasiticus var. globosus, and citrinin by A. terreus var. aureus was studied in defined culture medium. Phosphate at 35-175 mmol per 50 mL decreased aflatoxin production, but increased citrinin synthesis. Nitrate at 73-365 mmol per 50 mL stimulated the synthesis of aflatoxin but depressed that of citrinin. A rise in the levels of nitrate and phosphate led to a decrease in aflatoxin production, an increase in citrinin production and an accumulation of mycelial phosphate and nitrate contents.
- MeSH
- aflatoxiny biosyntéza MeSH
- Aspergillus účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- citrinin biosyntéza MeSH
- dusičnany farmakologie MeSH
- fosfáty farmakologie MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva toxicita MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- aflatoxiny MeSH
- citrinin MeSH
- dusičnany MeSH
- fosfáty MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva MeSH
Four mycotoxins, patulin, ochratoxin A, citrinin, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), were compared for their cytotoxicity, DNA synthesis inhibition and DNA damage in CHO and AWRF cells. The concentrations causing a 50% inhibition of colony formation in CHO cells were 0.07, 33, 31, and 10 micrograms/ml, respectively, for patulin, ochratoxin A, citrinin, and AFB1. Values obtained for AWRF cells were 0.011, 6.4, 6.7, and 0.15 micrograms/ml, respectively. Patulin strongly inhibited DNA synthesis in both CHO and AWRF cells, at concentrations over 4 micrograms/ml. Ochratoxin A and citrinin elicited mild inhibition of DNA synthesis (up to 20%) at concentrations greater than 50 micrograms/ml. AFB1 at concentrations over 5 micrograms/ml strongly inhibited DNA synthesis in AWRF cells but stimulated DNA synthesis in CHO cells. In accordance with these findings, AFB1 induced single-strand breaks in the DNA of AWRF cells only. Patulin induced about the same levels of DNA breaks in both types of cells, at concentrations greater than 2 micrograms/ml. Citrinin and ochratoxin A produced DNA breaks in CHO cells, at a very high concentration of 200 micrograms/ml. The number of breaks induced in AWRF cells was not statistically significant. The results suggest that the different effects of AFB1 on CHO and AWRF cells are due to the different ability of these cells to metabolize AFB1 to the ultimate carcinogen AFB1-8,9-oxide by microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent oxygenases. The effects of the other mycotoxins not requiring the metabolic activation were comparable for both cell types.
- MeSH
- aflatoxin B1 MeSH
- aflatoxiny metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- biotransformace MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- citrinin farmakologie MeSH
- Cricetulus MeSH
- DNA biosyntéza MeSH
- jednovláknová DNA metabolismus MeSH
- křečci praví MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- mykotoxiny metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- ochratoxiny farmakologie MeSH
- ovarium MeSH
- patulin farmakologie MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- křečci praví MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- aflatoxin B1 MeSH
- aflatoxiny MeSH
- citrinin MeSH
- DNA MeSH
- jednovláknová DNA MeSH
- mykotoxiny MeSH
- ochratoxin A MeSH Prohlížeč
- ochratoxiny MeSH
- patulin MeSH
