The widespread use of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) as pesticides has raised environmental concerns due to their persistence and toxicity. Addressing the pressing need for effective bioremediation strategies, this study explores the effects of α-, β-, δ-, and ε-HCH isomers on the growth, hormonal changes, physiological parameters and bioaccumulation in Alnus glutinosa saplings (1-year-old and 2-year-old) and bacterial communities in polluted soil. A. glutinosa saplings not only withstanded HCH exposure but also enhanced the remediation efficiency by 6.8-24.4%, suggesting an acceleration of pollutant breakdown likely mediated by root exudates positively affecting the soil microbiome. Interestingly, 1-year-old saplings demonstrated greater remediation efficiency post-pruning than unpruned 2-year-old saplings, despite the latter having a larger root biomass. The hormonal analysis indicated that HCH presence led to a reduction in abscisic acid (ABA) and an increase in jasmonic acid (JA), with the magnitude of changes being age-dependent. Salicylic acid (SA) levels increased 1-year-old and decreased in 2-year-old saplings under HCH stress. Moreover, a higher presence of lin-degrading genes in the rhizosphere of treated saplings compared to controls confirmed ongoing biodegradation processes. The outcomes help to better understand the processes involved in degradation of persistent pesticides in soil. The mechanism of in-plant isomerization and the identification of metabolites should be the focus of future research.

• Klíčová slova
• Alder tree, HCH, Pesticide, Phytoremediation, Rhizobiome,
• MeSH
• biodegradace * MeSH
• chlorované uhlovodíky metabolismus   MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• hexachlorcyklohexan metabolismus   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kyselina abscisová metabolismus   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * metabolismus   MeSH
• olše * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• pesticidy * metabolismus   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• rhizosféra * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chlorované uhlovodíky MeSH
• cyklopentany MeSH
• hexachlorcyklohexan MeSH
• jasmonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• kyselina abscisová MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• oxylipiny MeSH
• pesticidy * MeSH
• půda MeSH

Plasmodiophora brassicae, a soil-borne biotroph, establishes galls as strong physiological sinks on Brassicaceae plants including Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana. We compare transcriptional profiles of phloem dissected from leaf petioles and hypocotyls of healthy and infected B. napus plants. Our results highlight how pathogenesis accompanies phloem-mediated defence responses whilst exerting a strong influence on carbon-nitrogen (C-N) economy. We observe transcriptional changes indicating decreased aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis, fluctuating jasmonic acid responses, altered amino acid (AA) and nitrate transport, carbohydrate metabolism and modified cytokinin responses. Changes observed in phloem-dissected from upper versus lower plant organs point to phloem as a conduit in mediating C-N repartitioning, nutrition-related signalling and cytokinin dynamics over long distances during clubroot disease. To assess changes in physiology, we measured AAs, sugars and cytokinins, in phloem exudates from B. napus plants. Despite the decrease in most AA and sucrose levels, isopentyl-type cytokinins increased within infected plants. Furthermore, we employed Arabidopsis for visualising promoter activities of B. napus AA and N transporter orthologues and tested the impact of disrupted cytokinin transport during P. brassicae-induced gall formation using Atabcg14 mutants. Our physiological and microscopy studies show that the host developmental reaction to P. brassicae relies on cytokinin and is accompanied by intense nitrogen and carbon repartitioning. Overall, our work highlights the systemic aspects of host responses that should be taken into account when studying clubroot disease.

• Klíčová slova
• Brassica napus, Plasmodiophora brassicae, clubroot, laser dissection transcriptomics, oilseed rape, phloem,
• MeSH
• aminokyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• Arabidopsis * genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• Brassica napus * genetika   metabolismus   fyziologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• dusík metabolismus   MeSH
• floém * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• glukosinoláty metabolismus   MeSH
• listy rostlin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin * parazitologie   genetika   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• Plasmodiophorida * fyziologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• uhlík metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny MeSH
• cyklopentany MeSH
• cytokininy MeSH
• dusík MeSH
• glukosinoláty MeSH
• jasmonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• oxylipiny MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

Jasmonates are a family of oxylipin phytohormones regulating plant development and growth and mediating "defense versus growth" responses. The upstream JA biosynthetic precursor cis-(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (cis-OPDA) acts independently of CORONATIVE INSENSITIVE 1-mediated JA signaling in several stress-induced and developmental processes. However, its perception and metabolism are only partially understood. An isoleucine analog of the biologically active JA-Ile, OPDA-Ile, was detected years ago in wounded leaves of flowering plants, opening up the possibility that conjugation of cis-OPDA to amino acids might be a relevant mechanism for cis-OPDA regulation. Here, we extended the analysis of amino acid conjugates of cis-OPDA and identified naturally occurring OPDA-Val, OPDA-Phe, OPDA-Ala, OPDA-Glu, and OPDA-Asp accumulating in response to biotic and abiotic stress in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The OPDA amino acid conjugates displayed cis-OPDA-related plant responses in a JA-Ile-dependent manner. We also showed that the synthesis and hydrolysis of cis-OPDA amino acid conjugates are mediated by members of the amidosynthetase GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 and the amidohydrolase INDOLE-3-ACETYL-LEUCINE RESISTANT 1/ILR1-like families. Thus, OPDA amino acid conjugates function in the catabolism or temporary storage of cis-OPDA in stress responses instead of acting as chemical signals per se.

• MeSH
• amidy metabolismus   MeSH
• Arabidopsis * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• cyklopentany * metabolismus   MeSH
• fyziologický stres * MeSH
• homeostáza * MeSH
• isoleucin analogy a deriváty   metabolismus   MeSH
• nenasycené mastné kyseliny * metabolismus   MeSH
• oxylipiny * metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 12-oxophytodienoic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• amidy MeSH
• cyklopentany * MeSH
• isoleucin MeSH
• jasmonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• nenasycené mastné kyseliny * MeSH
• oxylipiny * MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH

Plants can sense and respond to non-damaging mechanical stimulation such as touch, rain, or wind. Mechanical stimulation induces an increase of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt), accumulation of phytohormones from the group of jasmonates (JAs) and activation of gene expression, which can be JAs-dependent or JAs-independent. Response to touch shares similar properties with reactions to stresses such as wounding or pathogen attack, and regular mechanical stimulation leads to changes in growth and development called thigmomorphogenesis. Previous studies showed that well-known seismonastic plants such as Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) or sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) lost their touch-induced motive responses during exposure to general volatile anaesthetic (GVA) diethyl ether. Here, we investigated the effect of diethyl ether anaesthesia on touch response in Arabidopsis thaliana. We monitored [Ca2+]cyt level, accumulation of JAs and expression of touch-responsive genes. Our results showed that none of the investigated responses was affected by diethyl ether. However, diethyl ether alone increased [Ca2+]cyt and modulated JAs-independent touch-responsive genes, thus partially activating touch response non-specifically. Together with our previous studies, we concluded that GVA diethyl ether cannot block the local rise of [Ca2+]cyt but only its systemic propagation dependent on GLUTAMATE LIKE RECEPTOR 3s (GLR3s) channels.

• Klíčová slova
• Anaesthetic, Arabidopsis thaliana, Calcium, Diethyl ether, Jasmonates, Touch response,
• MeSH
• Arabidopsis * fyziologie   genetika   účinky léků   MeSH
• cyklopentany * metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• ether * farmakologie   MeSH
• hmat fyziologie   MeSH
• oxylipiny * metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• vápník * metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cyklopentany * MeSH
• ether * MeSH
• jasmonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• oxylipiny * MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• vápník * MeSH

Tetranychus urticae is an important pest that causes severe damage to a wide variety of plants and crops, leading to a substantial productivity loss. Previous research has been focused on plant defence response to T. urticae to improve plant resistance. However, plant growth, development and reproduction throughout the infestation process have not been previously studied. Through physiological, biochemical, transcriptomic and hormonomic evaluation, we uncover the molecular mechanisms directing the defence-growth trade-off established in Arabidopsis upon T. urticae infestation. Upon mite attack, plants suffer an adaptation process characterized by a temporal separation between the defence and growth responses. Jasmonic and salicylic acids regulate the main defence responses in combination with auxin and abscisic acid. However, while the reduction of both auxin signalling and gibberellin, cytokinin and brassinosteroid biosynthesis lead to initial growth arrest, increasing levels of growth hormones at later stages enables growth restart. These alterations lead to a plant developmental delay that impacts both seed production and longevity. We demonstrate that coordinated trade-offs determine plant adaptation and survival, revealing mite infestation has a long-lasting effect negatively impacting seed viability. This study provides additional tools to design pest management strategies that improve resistance without penalty in plant fitness.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis * fyziologie   parazitologie   genetika   MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina abscisová metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina salicylová metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin parazitologie   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin * metabolismus   MeSH
• Tetranychidae * fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cyklopentany MeSH
• cytokininy MeSH
• jasmonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• kyselina abscisová MeSH
• kyselina salicylová MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové MeSH
• oxylipiny MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH

Improving crop plants using biotechnological implications is a promising and modern approach compared to traditional methods. High-temperature exposure to the reproductive stage induces flower abortion and declines grain filling performance, leading to smaller grain production and low yield in lentil and other legumes. Thus, cloning effective candidate genes and their implication in temperature stress tolerance in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) using biotechnological tools is highly demandable. The 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductases (OPRs) are flavin mononucleotide-dependent oxidoreductases with vital roles in plants. They are members of the old yellow enzyme (OYE) family. These enzymes are involved in the octadecanoid pathway, which contributes to jasmonic acid biosynthesis and is essential in plant stress responses. Lentil is one of the vital legume crops affected by the temperature fluctuations caused by global warming. Therefore, in this study, the LcOPR1 gene was successfully cloned and isolated from lentils using RT-PCR to evaluate its functional responses in lentil under heat stress. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that the full-length cDNA of LcOPR1 was 1303 bp, containing an 1134 bp open reading frames (ORFs), encoding 377 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 41.63 and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.61. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that the deduced LcOPR1 possesses considerable homology with other plant 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductases (OPRs). Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that LcOPR1 has an evolutionary relationship with other OPRs in different plant species of subgroup I, containing enzymes that are not required for jasmonic acid biosynthesis. The expression analysis of LcOPR1 indicated that this gene is upregulated in response to the heat-stress condition and during recovery in lentil. This study finding might be helpful to plant breeders and biotechnologists in LcOPR1 engineering and/or plant breeding programs in revealing the biological functions of LcOPR1 in lentils and the possibility of enhancing heat stress tolerance by overexpressing LcOPR1 in lentil and other legume plants under high temperature.

• MeSH
• čočka * genetika   enzymologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• klonování DNA * metody   MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy působící na CH-CH vazby MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• reakce na tepelný šok genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin * genetika   MeSH
• rostlinné geny MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 12-oxophytodienoate reductase MeSH Prohlížeč
• oxidoreduktasy působící na CH-CH vazby MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy MeSH
• oxylipiny MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

Oxylipins are potent lipid mediators with increasing interest in clinical research. They are usually measured in systemic circulation and can provide a wealth of information regarding key biological processes such as inflammation, vascular tone, or blood coagulation. Although procedures still require harmonization to generate comparable oxylipin datasets, performing comprehensive profiling of circulating oxylipins in large studies is feasible and no longer restricted by technical barriers. However, it is essential to improve and facilitate the biological interpretation of complex oxylipin profiles to truly leverage their potential in clinical research. This requires regular updating of our knowledge about the metabolism and the mode of action of oxylipins, and consideration of all factors that may influence circulating oxylipin profiles independently of the studied disease or condition. This review aims to provide the readers with updated and necessary information regarding oxylipin metabolism, their different forms in systemic circulation, the current limitations in deducing oxylipin cellular effects from in vitro bioactivity studies, the biological and technical confounding factors needed to consider for a proper interpretation of oxylipin profiles.

• Klíčová slova
• Clinical translation, Eicosanoids, Epilipids, Lipid mediators, Lipidomics, Oxylipins,
• MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxylipiny * krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxylipiny * MeSH

BACKGROUND: Several WRKY transcription factors (TFs), including CaWRKY6, CaWRKY22, CaWRKY27, and CaWRKY40 are known to govern the resistance of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants to Ralstonia solanacearum infestation (RSI) and other abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes remain elusive. METHODS: This study functionally described CaWRKY3 for its role in pepper immunity against RSI. The roles of phytohormones in mediating the expression levels of CaWRKY3 were investigated by subjecting pepper plants to 1 mM salicylic acid (SA), 100 µM methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and 100 µM ethylene (ETH) at 4-leaf stage. A virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach based on the Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) was used to silence CaWRKY3 in pepper, and transiently over-expressed to infer its role against RSI. RESULTS: Phytohormones and RSI increased CaWRKY3 transcription. The transcriptions of defense-associated marker genes, including CaNPR1, CaPR1, CaDEF1, and CaHIR1 were decreased in VIGS experiment, which made pepper less resistant to RSI. Significant hypersensitive (HR)-like cell death, H2O2 buildup, and transcriptional up-regulation of immunological marker genes were noticed in pepper when CaWRKY3 was transiently overexpressed. Transcriptional activity of CaWRKY3 was increased with overexpression of CaWRKY6, CaWRKY22, CaWRKY27, and CaWRKY40, and vice versa. In contrast, Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) was easily repelled by the innate immune system of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana that overexpressed CaWRKY3. The transcriptions of defense-related marker genes like AtPR1, AtPR2, and AtNPR1 were increased in CaWRKY3-overexpressing transgenic A. thaliana plants. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that CaWRKY3 favorably regulates phytohormone-mediated synergistic signaling, which controls cell death in plant and immunity of pepper plant against bacterial infections.

• Klíčová slova
• CaWRKY3, Capsicum annum, Ralstonia solanacearum, Immunity, Transcription factor,
• MeSH
• acetáty farmakologie   MeSH
• Capsicum * genetika   imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• ethyleny metabolismus   MeSH
• imunita rostlin * MeSH
• kyselina salicylová metabolismus   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin * mikrobiologie   imunologie   genetika   MeSH
• odolnost vůči nemocem genetika   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• Ralstonia solanacearum * fyziologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin * metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transkripční faktory * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• umlčování genů MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetáty MeSH
• cyklopentany MeSH
• ethylene MeSH Prohlížeč
• ethyleny MeSH
• kyselina salicylová MeSH
• methyl jasmonate MeSH Prohlížeč
• oxylipiny MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny * MeSH
• transkripční faktory * MeSH

To what extent particular plant defences against herbivorous insects are constitutive or inducible will depend on the costs and benefits in their neighbourhood. Some defensive chemicals in leaves are thought to be costly and hard to produce rapidly, while others, including volatile organic compounds that attract natural enemies, might be cheaper and can be released rapidly. When surrounding tree species are more closely related, trees can face an increased abundance of both specialist herbivores and their parasitoids, potentially increasing the benefits of constitutive and inducible defences. To test if oaks (Quercus robur) respond more to herbivore attacks with volatile emission than with changes in leaf phenolic chemistry and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C: N), and whether oaks respond to the neighbouring tree species, we performed an experiment in a forest in Poland. Oak saplings were placed in neighbourhoods dominated by oak, beech, or pine trees, and half of them were treated with the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (elicitor of anti-herbivore responses). Oaks responded to the treatment by emitting a different volatile blend within 24 h, while leaf phenolic chemistry and C: N remained largely unaffected after 16 days and multiple treatments. Leaf phenolics were subtly affected by the neighbouring trees with elevated flavan-3-ols concentrations in pine-dominated plots. Our results suggest that these oaks rely on phenols as a constitutive defence and when attacked emit volatiles to attract natural enemies. Further studies might determine if the small effect of the neighbourhood on leaf phenolics is a response to different levels of shading, or if oaks use volatile cues to assess the composition of their neighbourhood.

• Klíčová slova
• Intra-specific Variation, Methyl Jasmonate, Polyphenols, Tritrophic Interactions, VOCs,
• MeSH
• acetáty MeSH
• býložravci * MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• dub (rod) * chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• dusík metabolismus   MeSH
• flavonoidy * metabolismus   analýza   chemie   MeSH
• listy rostlin * chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• těkavé organické sloučeniny * metabolismus   chemie   analýza   MeSH
• uhlík metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetáty MeSH
• cyklopentany MeSH
• dusík MeSH
• flavan-3-ol MeSH Prohlížeč
• flavonoidy * MeSH
• methyl jasmonate MeSH Prohlížeč
• oxylipiny MeSH
• těkavé organické sloučeniny * MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

The genomes of charophyte green algae, close relatives of land plants, typically do not show signs of developmental regulation by phytohormones. However, scattered reports of endogenous phytohormone production in these organisms exist. We performed a comprehensive analysis of multiple phytohormones in Viridiplantae, focusing mainly on charophytes. We show that auxin, salicylic acid, ethylene and tRNA-derived cytokinins including cis-zeatin are found ubiquitously in Viridiplantae. By contrast, land plants but not green algae contain the trans-zeatin type cytokinins as well as auxin and cytokinin conjugates. Charophytes occasionally produce jasmonates and abscisic acid, whereas the latter is detected consistently in land plants. Several phytohormones are excreted into the culture medium, including auxin by charophytes and cytokinins and salicylic acid by Viridiplantae in general. We note that the conservation of phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways known from angiosperms does not match the capacity for phytohormone biosynthesis in Viridiplantae. Our phylogenetically guided analysis of established algal cultures provides an important insight into phytohormone biosynthesis and metabolism across Streptophyta.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• Chlorophyta metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• cytokininy * metabolismus   MeSH
• ethyleny metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• kyselina abscisová metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina salicylová metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové * metabolismus   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin * metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• Viridiplantae metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cyklopentany MeSH
• cytokininy * MeSH
• ethylene MeSH Prohlížeč
• ethyleny MeSH
• jasmonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• kyselina abscisová MeSH
• kyselina salicylová MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové * MeSH
• oxylipiny MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH