BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, with an incidence of 3.19 cases per 100,000 person years and remarkably poor prognosis showing a 5-year survival rate of 4-5%, and only a 26-33% survival rate at 2 years in clinical trials. OBJECTIVE: In this paper, we review the different types of treatment modalities based on the relevant databases. Methods of diagnosis will be described briefly. METHOD: Systemic compilation of the relevant literature. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Today's treatments cannot cure GBM patients but only extend their overall survival. The use of chemoradiation, immunotherapy, and radio sensitizers as an adjuvant therapy cannot reduce the high rates of recurrence within a few months after treatment. Radiotherapy will remain the backbone of the treatment but new treatment modalities must be developed.
- Klíčová slova
- Biologic agent, chemotherapy, glioblastoma multiforme, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, vaccination.,
- MeSH
- alkylační protinádorové látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- buněčná a tkáňová terapie MeSH
- dendritické buňky imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- glioblastom diagnóza mortalita terapie MeSH
- imunoterapie MeSH
- kombinovaná terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky terapeutické užití MeSH
- nádory mozku diagnóza mortalita terapie MeSH
- Poliovirus genetika imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- alkylační protinádorové látky MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky MeSH
Global eradication of poliomyelitis launched and coordinated by the World Health Organization since 1988 is close to being achieved: the main objective is to discontinue the circulation of the wild, neurovirulent, endemic virus of poliomyelitis. Although this objective has been within the reach, there are two other risks, lower but existing and posing possible threat to the eradication, that need to be controlled: 1) wild polioviruses stored in laboratories should be destroyed or reliably contained and 2) emergence and epidemic role of neurovirulent polioviruses potentially derived from attenuated oral polio vaccine should be prevented. After all these global eradication objectives are met and three years relapse from its certification, under intensive and sensitive surveillance, it will be possible to consider whether or not to stop vaccination against poliomyelitis in the world. The global eradication of poliomyelitis is a complex issue that will require further efforts in the field of both the biomedical research and organizational, economic and political approaches. In the Czech Republic, poliomyelitis has been eradicated since 1960. The former Czechoslovakia was the first country in the world to achieve and to scientifically demonstrate nationwide eradication of poliomyelitis. The current post-eradication surveillance of poliomyelitis in the Czech Republic is managed by the Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the National Institute of Public Health in cooperation with the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, WHO Regional Office for Europe in Copenhagen and National Certification Committee for Poliomyelitis Eradication.
- MeSH
- celosvětové zdraví MeSH
- laboratoře MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- očkovací programy * MeSH
- poliomyelitida epidemiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- poliovirová vakcína inaktivovaná MeSH
- poliovirová vakcína orální MeSH
- Poliovirus izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- poliovirová vakcína inaktivovaná MeSH
- poliovirová vakcína orální MeSH
Poliomyelitis anterior acuta is an acute infectious disease caused by polioviruses of three antigenic types. First epidemics of poliomyelitis emerged at the end of the 19th century. The World Health Organization launched the poliomyelitis eradication program in 1988. The incidence of poliomyelitis in the world decreased from 350,000 cases in 1988 to 1918 cases in 2002 when poliomyelitis eradication was certified in three WHO regions, the European Region (2002), American Region (1994) and West Pacific Region (2000). Systematic clinico-virological surveillance of poliomyelitis has been carried in the Czech Republic since 1961, including annual vaccination campaigns with living OPV vaccine, clinical screening, virological screening of clinical specimens and sewage water (environmental) samples and sera screening within serological surveys mapping the vaccination immunological efficacy. From 1961 to 2003, 21,423 stool specimens of vaccinated healthy children, 62,440 stool specimens of patients, 6250 cerebrospinal fluid specimens and 2100 throat swab specimens were screened. Within the outdoor environment surveillance, 15,460 sewage water samples were analysed. From 1995 to 2003 129 cases of acute flaccid paresis were investigated in children under 15 years of age and 28 stool samples from their contacts were screened. Over the same period, 1280 sewage water samples from refugee camps were analysed. For serological surveys, about 60,000 sera from healthy individuals of all age categories were investigated. No case of paralytic poliomyelitis has been reported and no wild virus has been isolated in the Czech Republic since 1961.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- očkovací programy * MeSH
- poliomyelitida epidemiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Poliovirus izolace a purifikace MeSH
- surveillance populace * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Evropa epidemiologie MeSH
April 2003 was the first time in Slovakia, when the vaccine derived poliovirus Type 2 was isolated from waste water sampled from the waste water disposal plant in Vrakun, which collects most waste from Bratislava. The examination in the Regional reference laboratory in Helsinki revealed an almost 15% divergence from the vaccine strain and genetic identity with the Sabine vaccine strain was only 86.6%. Various cases of paralytic poliomyelitis have been published in world literature, caused by mutants = vaccine derived polioviruses (VDPV). Sporadic diseases were described not only in persons who excreted genetically modified vaccine strains, but even examples of epidemic occurrence connected with circulation and transfer of VDPV in non-vaccinated or insufficiently vaccinated population. Epidemiologist of the State Faculty Public Health Institute of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia immediately accepted measures to strengthen surveillance of poliomyelitis at all levels in order to minimize the risk for the origin of paralytic disease in the population. The world-wide activities aimed at eradication of poliomyelitis may eliminate the wild virus from human community as well as from the environment. It will be difficult to eradicate poliomyelitis completely before the potentially infectious oral vaccine is substituted with inactivated vaccine.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odpadní vody virologie MeSH
- poliovirové vakcíny * MeSH
- Poliovirus klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- odpadní vody MeSH
- poliovirové vakcíny * MeSH
Regular vaccination against poliomyelitis was started in 1960 with oral polio vaccine (OPV). Since 1992 a trivalent OPV has been administered in five doses within a nationwide vaccination campaign. The immunization coverage varies between 96.8% and 98.2% after 4 OPV doses, reaching 98.0% to 98.9% after the fifth dose. No case of indigenous poliomyelitis has been reported in the Czech Republic since the second half of 1960. In 2001, 3,230 sera were tested for the presence of antibodies against poliovirus of types 1, 2 and 3 using a virus neutralization microassay. The prevalence rates of antibodies vary between 96.0% and 100% for types 1 and 2 and between 95.1% and 100% for type 3, with the exception of the highest age group, in which the prevalence rates of antibodies against poliovirus of all three types are 92.2%.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- poliomyelitida krev epidemiologie imunologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- poliovirová vakcína orální aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- Poliovirus imunologie MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- protilátky virové krev MeSH
- sběr dat MeSH
- sérologické testy MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- poliovirová vakcína orální MeSH
- protilátky virové MeSH
According to the WHO global polio eradication initiative acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance has been conducted in Belarus since 1996. For the period 1996-2002, 295AFP cases were reported. The main indices ofAFP surveillance in Belarus met the WHO criteria. A11 AFP cases, with the exception of one, were virologically examined. Polioviruses (PV) were isolated from 28 (9.5%) of them. Results of intratypic differentiation (a neutralization test with type-specific monoclonal antibodies and a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay) proved vaccine origin of all isolated PV. According to the final classification, 11 AFP cases were classified as vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Nine VAPP cases were recipient [six of them developed after the first, two--after the third and one--after the fourth oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) dose] and two cases in non-vaccinated children were classified as contact VAPP cases. PV of all three serotypes were isolated with an equal frequency from the recipient cases and only PV2--from contact ones. Immunological investigations of children with VAPP showed that the majority of them had disorders in B-cell immunity. A risk of one VAPP case per 96,000 first OPV doses and per 745,000 distributed ones was estimated. The other 284 AFP cases were classified as AFP of non-polio etiology (non-polio AFP). Among them Guillain-Barré syndrome (118 cases, 41.5% of all non-polio AFP cases), traumatic neuritis (63 cases, 22.2%), transient monoparesis of limb (35 cases, 12.3%), myelitis (26 cases, 9.2%) were registered most frequently. Vaccine PV were isolated from 19 (6.7%) children with non-polio AFP, 28 (9.9%) children excreted non-polio enteric viruses. In contrast to VAPP, other AFP with PV isolation had no clinical picture typical of poliomyelitis, and had no any residual paralysis 60 days after the onset of paralysis. PV isolation from them seemed to be not related to the etiology of the disease, but was a mere coincidence of paralysis with the recent vaccination. Results of AFP surveillance supported the previous data on the absence of classical poliomyelitis cases caused by wild PV in Belarus for more than 35 years.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- Guillainův-Barrého syndrom virologie MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- paralýza epidemiologie virologie MeSH
- poliomyelitida komplikace epidemiologie prevence a kontrola virologie MeSH
- poliovirová vakcína orální aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky genetika MeSH
- Poliovirus genetika izolace a purifikace patogenita MeSH
- polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- sentinelová surveillance MeSH
- vakcína proti diftérii, tetanu a pertusi škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Běloruská republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- poliovirová vakcína orální MeSH
- vakcína proti diftérii, tetanu a pertusi MeSH
Two new enteroviruses (EV) inhibitors with the selective group-specific effect were detected and studied representing the products of the original chemical synthesis. One of them--nifan (arylfuran derivative) inhibits poliomyelitis virus replication, the other one--belvtazide (synchonic acid derivative) blocks non-poliomyelitis EV (ECHO and Coxsackie B) replication. The study of the reference strains of poliomyelitis virus type 1-3, twenty-three ECHO virus types (from the 1st to the 33rd), Coxsackie B virus type 1-6 and 288 primary EV isolates did not reveal type or strain specific variability in the inhibitors effect. Nifan and belvtazide supress the replication of both EV monostrains and their mixtures. The isolates of mixed nature are inhibited by the mixture nifan + belvtazide. At the same time neither separate chemicals nor their blend affects viruses from other families (Adenoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Herpesviridae etc.). The mechanism of nifan and belvtazide action is intracellular EV replication inhibition (they do not affect the process of virus adsorption and penetration into the cell), suppression of de novo virus synthesis by 7.0-2.25 lg (tissue culture infective dose 50 per cent) TCID50/ml and of virus-induced RNA synthesis. The drugs feature is high selectivity (90-91%) regarding RNA polioviruses (nifan) and RNA non-poliomyelitis EV (belvtazide). Nifan and belvtazide antiviral effect selectivity allows unknown cytopathic agents (CPA) belonging to the EV to be established with the high degree (over 98%) of reproducibility at the stage of primary identification with the differentiation of poliomyelitis and non-poliomyelitis viruses.
- MeSH
- antivirové látky farmakologie MeSH
- buněčné kultury MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- enterovirus B lidský klasifikace účinky léků MeSH
- furany farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Poliovirus klasifikace účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antivirové látky MeSH
- furany MeSH
The Czech Republic is one of the first countries where the paralytic form of poliomyelitis was eradicated by vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine. The effectiveness of vaccination was monitored every year up to 1992 by assessment of the immunity against polioviruses in a large group of sera from volunteers (cca 1500 subjects). This made it possible to improve occasional drops of immunity of the population, in particular in type 3. However, the absence of the paralytic form of poliomyelitis does not imply eradication of poliomyelitis which means elimination of wild polioviruses from the circulation in the population of a country. The circulation of wild polioviruses is monitored in the Czech Republic in cases of acute mild pareses, in particular, however, in waste waters of some large towns. A wild poliovirus was not detected so far. These investigations must started and be conducted up to the time when the Czech Republic will be granted the status of "country with eradicated poliomyelitis".
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- očkovací programy MeSH
- poliomyelitida epidemiologie imunologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Poliovirus imunologie MeSH
- protilátky virové analýza MeSH
- séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- protilátky virové MeSH
The author concentrated from contamined foodstuffs poliovirus type 1--vaccine strain--by means of negative pressure or overpressure filtration across membranes with a different porosity and by means of an ultracentrifuge. Foods - milk, meat, meat products and vegetables were contaminated by the virus so that various doses corresponded approximately to 1.2 or 4 PFU per gram of specimen. The virus in concentrates was detected on cell cultures on the Vero line by the plaque method. The virus extract (number of PFU expressed in per cent) from the originally inoculated or absorbed amount of the virus resp. was as follows: in negative filtration on average 53%, in overpressure filtration without the use of polyelectrolyte on average 75%, when using the polyelectrolyte 79% and when using utracentrifugation on average 87%.
Cow milk was experimentally contaminated with a vaccine strain of poliovirus type I. A concentration procedure was utilized to assay for the virus in a milk sample using adsorption on aluminium sulphate at pH 4.5-5.5, aluminium sulphate concentration being 0.15 g. 1(-1), followed by elution with 0.1 M Na2HPO4 pH 9.5 and subsequent detection in cultured VERO cells (kidney cells from the monkey Cercopithecus aethiops). The yield of the virus ranged from 14 to 58% of the inoculated amount, the mean value being 27%.
- MeSH
- adsorpce MeSH
- kamencové sloučeniny MeSH
- kultivace virů MeSH
- mléko mikrobiologie MeSH
- odběr biologického vzorku MeSH
- Poliovirus izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Vero buňky MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- aluminum sulfate MeSH Prohlížeč
- kamencové sloučeniny MeSH
