Multiple-cause-of-death data have not yet been applied to the study of racial/ethnic differences in causal chains of events leading to death, nor they have been used to examine racial/ethnic disparities in cause-of-death certification. We use publicly available 2019 US death certificate data to reassemble chains of morbid events leading to death. From them, we construct and analyze directed multiple cause of death networks by race and sex of deaths aged 60+. Three perspectives to measure disparities are employed: (i) relative prevalence of cause-of-death-pairs, (ii) strength of associations between diseases, (iii) similarities in transition matrices. Non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB) had overall lower prevalence of cause of death pairs, Hispanics (HIS) were burdened more by alcohol-related mortality and Asian and Pacific Islanders (API) exceeded in transitions to cerebrovascular diseases. Lower similarity was observed in transitions to external causes of death, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, pulmonary heart diseases, interstitial respiratory diseases, and diseases of the liver. After excluding rare diseases, the similarity further decreased for ill-defined conditions, diabetes mellitus, other cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the pleura, and anemia. To sum up, races/ethnicities not only vary in structure and timing of death but they differ in morbid processes leading to death as well.

• MeSH
• analýza sociálních sítí MeSH
• asijští Američané, domorodí Havajci a obyvatelé tichomořských ostrovů statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• běloch statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• černoši nebo Afroameričané statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus MeSH
• etnicita * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Hispánci a Latinoameričané statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• indián nebo domorodec z Aljašky statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• morbidita MeSH
• mortalita * etnologie   MeSH
• nemoc * etnologie   MeSH
• příčina smrti * MeSH
• rasové faktory MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• zdravotní nespravedlnost * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké epidemiologie   MeSH

Local adaptation and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity may facilitate biological invasions. Both processes can enhance germination and seedling recruitment, which are crucial life-history traits for plants. The rate, timing and speed of germination have recently been documented as playing a major role during the invasion process. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a North American tree, which has spread widely throughout Europe. A recent study demonstrated that a few populations are the source of European black locust. Thus, invasive populations can be compared to native ones in order to identify genetic-based phenotypic differentiation and the role of phenotypic plasticity can thereby be assessed. A quantitative genetics experiment was performed to evaluate 13 juvenile traits of both native and invasive black locust populations (3000 seeds, 20 populations) subjected to three different thermal treatments (18 °C, 22 °C and 31 °C). The results revealed European populations to have a higher germination rate than the native American populations (88% versus 60%), and even when genetic distance between populations was considered. Moreover, this trait showed lower plasticity to temperature in the invasive range than in the native one. Conversely, other studied traits showed high plasticity to temperature, but they responded in a similar way to temperature increase: the warmer the temperature, the higher the growth rate or germination traits values. The demonstrated genetic differentiation between native and invasive populations testifies to a shift between ranges for the maximum germination percentage. This pattern could be due to human-mediated introduction of black locust.

• Klíčová slova
• Robinia pseudoacacia, biological invasion, black locust, genetic differentiation, germination, life-history traits, phenotypic plasticity, quantitative genetics, seedlings,
• MeSH
• indián nebo domorodec z Aljašky MeSH
• klíčení MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Robinia * MeSH
• semena rostlinná MeSH
• stromy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic.

• MeSH
• Asijci MeSH
• běloši MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• hepatitida B dějiny   virologie   MeSH
• indián nebo domorodec z Aljašky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• objevující se infekční nemoci dějiny   virologie   MeSH
• paleontologie MeSH
• virus hepatitidy B klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Amerika MeSH
• Asie MeSH
• Evropa MeSH

Much of the American Arctic was first settled 5,000 years ago, by groups of people known as Palaeo-Eskimos. They were subsequently joined and largely displaced around 1,000 years ago by ancestors of the present-day Inuit and Yup'ik1-3. The genetic relationship between Palaeo-Eskimos and Native American, Inuit, Yup'ik and Aleut populations remains uncertain4-6. Here we present genomic data for 48 ancient individuals from Chukotka, East Siberia, the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and the Canadian Arctic. We co-analyse these data with data from present-day Alaskan Iñupiat and West Siberian populations and published genomes. Using methods based on rare-allele and haplotype sharing, as well as established techniques4,7-9, we show that Palaeo-Eskimo-related ancestry is ubiquitous among people who speak Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut languages. We develop a comprehensive model for the Holocene peopling events of Chukotka and North America, and show that Na-Dene-speaking peoples, people of the Aleutian Islands, and Yup'ik and Inuit across the Arctic region all share ancestry from a single Palaeo-Eskimo-related Siberian source.

• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• fylogeografie * MeSH
• genom lidský genetika   MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• Inuité klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• migrace lidstva dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Afrika MeSH
• Aljaška MeSH
• Arktida MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• jihovýchodní Asie MeSH
• Kanada MeSH
• Sibiř etnologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: Seasons affect many social, economic, and biological outcomes, particularly in low-resource settings, and some studies suggest that birth season affects child growth. AIM: To study a predictor of stunting that has received limited attention: birth season. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study uses cross-sectional data collected during 2008 in a low-resource society of horticulturists-foragers in the Bolivian Amazon, Tsimane'. It estimates the associations between birth months and height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) for 562 girls and 546 boys separately, from birth until age 11 years or pre-puberty, which in this society occurs ∼13-14 years. RESULTS: Children born during the rainy season (February-May) were shorter, while children born during the end of the dry season and the start of the rainy season (August-November) were taller, both compared with their age-sex peers born during the rest of the year. The correlations of birth season with HAZ were stronger for boys than for girls. Controlling for birth season, there is some evidence of eventual partial catch-up growth, with the HAZ of girls or boys worsening until ∼ age 4-5 years, but improving thereafter. By age 6 years, many girls and boys had ceased to be stunted, irrespective of birth season. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that redressing stunting will require attention to conditions in utero, infancy and late childhood.

• Klíčová slova
• Tsimane', birth month, generalised additive model, sex differences, stunting,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• indiáni Jižní Ameriky statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• porod MeSH
• poruchy růstu epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• puberta MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• tělesná výška * MeSH
• vývoj dítěte * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bolívie epidemiologie   MeSH

INTRODUCTION: This study examined how perceived racial privilege and perceived racial discrimination in health care varied with race and socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS: The sample consisted of white, black, and Native American respondents to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2005-2013) who had sought health care in the past 12 months. Multiple logistic regression models of perceived racial privilege and perceived discrimination were estimated. Analyses were performed in 2016. RESULTS: Perceptions of racial privilege were less common among blacks and Native Americans compared with whites, while perceptions of racial discrimination were more common among these minorities. In whites, higher income and education contributed to increased perceptions of privileged treatment and decreased perceptions of discrimination. The pattern was reversed in blacks, who reported more discrimination and less privilege at higher income and education levels. Across racial groups, respondents who reported foregone medical care due to cost had higher risk of perceived racial discrimination. Health insurance contributed to less perceived racial discrimination and more perceived privilege only among whites. CONCLUSIONS: SES is an important social determinant of perceived privilege and perceived discrimination in health care, but its role varies by indicator and racial group. Whites with low education or no health insurance, well-educated blacks, and individuals who face cost-related barriers to care are at increased risk of perceived discrimination. Policies and interventions to reduce these perceptions should target structural and systemic factors, including society-wide inequalities in income, education, and healthcare access, and should be tailored to account for racially specific healthcare experiences.

• MeSH
• Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System MeSH
• běloši psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• černoši nebo Afroameričané psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• diskriminace (psychologie) * MeSH
• disparity zdravotní péče statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dostupnost zdravotnických služeb etika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• indiáni Severní Ameriky psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• menšiny psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• percepce * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rasismus psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• společenská třída * MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké etnologie   MeSH

The Kets, an ethnic group in the Yenisei River basin, Russia, are considered the last nomadic hunter-gatherers of Siberia, and Ket language has no transparent affiliation with any language family. We investigated connections between the Kets and Siberian and North American populations, with emphasis on the Mal'ta and Paleo-Eskimo ancient genomes, using original data from 46 unrelated samples of Kets and 42 samples of their neighboring ethnic groups (Uralic-speaking Nganasans, Enets, and Selkups). We genotyped over 130,000 autosomal SNPs, identified mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplogroups, and performed high-coverage genome sequencing of two Ket individuals. We established that Nganasans, Kets, Selkups, and Yukaghirs form a cluster of populations most closely related to Paleo-Eskimos in Siberia (not considering indigenous populations of Chukotka and Kamchatka). Kets are closely related to modern Selkups and to some Bronze and Iron Age populations of the Altai region, with all these groups sharing a high degree of Mal'ta ancestry. Implications of these findings for the linguistic hypothesis uniting Ket and Na-Dene languages into a language macrofamily are discussed.

• MeSH
• etnicita genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• fylogeografie MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genom lidský * MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• Inuité genetika   MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidský chromozom Y MeSH
• migrace lidstva MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Sibiř MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH

Researchers have shown interest in the relation between (a) social capital and individual income and (b) the individual health of people of industrial nations. The socioeconomic complexity of industrial nations makes it difficult to arrive at firm conclusions. We circumvent the obstacle by using data from a small-scale rural society of foragers-farmers in the Bolivian Amazon (Tsimane'). We examine the interactions between the outcome (BMI) and relative income, relative social capital, village income, and village social capital. We test three hypotheses: people in villages with more social capital should have higher BMI, the positive association between social capital and BMI will be more marked among the less well-off, and better-off people who display generosity will have higher BMI than better-off people who do not. On the methodological side we show the importance of: focusing on relative measures of income and social capital, estimating interaction between community and relative measures of income and social capital, and showing results through contour plots that summarize the relation between BMI and pairs of explanatory variables. On the substantive side we find evidence that village social capital and village income complement each other and are associated with higher BMI, the rich who are stingy have lower BMI than the rich who display generosity, and increase in village income might reduce individual incentives to invest in social capital. We explore interactions between explanatory variables and their influence on BMI, and end by recommending the use of an experimental research design to obtain unbiased estimates of causal effects.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti * MeSH
• indiáni Jižní Ameriky MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• populační skupiny * MeSH
• příjem * MeSH
• sociální žádoucnost * MeSH
• sociologie MeSH
• společenská kontrola neformální * MeSH
• společenská třída MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• venkovské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• zdravotní stav * MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bolívie MeSH

PCBs are a family of 209 chemical compounds, each of which consists of two benzene rings and 1 to 10 chlorine atoms. Their long-term stability and dispersion into the environment and the food chain have caused concern about their impact on humans and the environment. Native American communities are believed to be at particularly high risk of such exposure since they typically are more dependent than other populations on local fish and game as a food source. We have evidence for a significant excess in incidence and prevalence of hypothyroidism among Mohawks, particularly older women, as compared to other populations. The goal of the current project is to compare serum PCB concentrations to indicators of thyroid function in controls and patients with demonstrated thyroid dysfunction. Studies on experimental animals (rats) have shown significant depression of circulating levels of T4 and moderate reductions in levels of T3 after exposure to PCBs. We are conducting a retrospective observational case-control study. The participants are Mohawk women 30 years of age and older. Controls are participants in an ongoing environmental epidemiology study, whose thyroid hormone tests show a normal function. Our study aims to investigate the association between long-term exposure to PCBs and acquired hypothyroidism, to identify the critical exposure routes and to develop and apply toxic equivalents for thyroid disease for the various PCB congeners. PCB exposure is assessed by ultra-trace, congener-specific determination in blood specimen using GC/ECD. The study is currently ongoing. We have analyzed 46 samples of cases and 75 samples of controls.

• MeSH
• chromatografie plynová MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• hypotyreóza chemicky indukované   MeSH
• indiáni Severní Ameriky * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly škodlivé účinky   krev   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• polychlorované bifenyly MeSH

• MeSH
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• etnicita výchova   etnologie   dějiny   zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• indiáni Jižní Ameriky * výchova   etnologie   dějiny   zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• indiáni Severní Ameriky * výchova   etnologie   dějiny   zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• kolonialismus dějiny   MeSH
• křesťanství * dějiny   psychologie   MeSH
• kulturní antropologie * výchova   dějiny   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• misie * ekonomika   dějiny   zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• vztahy mezi rasami * dějiny   zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Jižní Amerika etnologie   MeSH
• Severní Amerika etnologie   MeSH