In contrast to the catalytic subunit of telomerase, its RNA subunit (TR) is highly divergent in size, sequence and biogenesis pathways across eukaryotes. Current views on TR evolution assume a common origin of TRs transcribed with RNA polymerase II in Opisthokonta (the supergroup including Animalia and Fungi) and Trypanosomida on one hand, and TRs transcribed with RNA polymerase III under the control of type 3 promoter, found in TSAR and Archaeplastida supergroups (including e.g. ciliates and Viridiplantae taxa, respectively). Here, we focus on unknown TRs in one of the largest Animalia order - Hymenoptera (Arthropoda) with more than 300 available representative genomes. Using a combination of bioinformatic and experimental approaches, we identify their TRs. In contrast to the presumed type of TRs (H/ACA box snoRNAs transcribed with RNA Polymerase II) corresponding to their phylogenetic position, we find here short TRs of the snRNA type, likely transcribed with RNA polymerase III under the control of the type 3 promoter. The newly described insect TRs thus question the hitherto assumed monophyletic origin of TRs across Animalia and point to an evolutionary switch in TR type and biogenesis that was associated with the divergence of Arthropods.

• MeSH
• Eukaryota genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Hymenoptera * genetika   MeSH
• konformace nukleové kyseliny MeSH
• RNA-polymerasa II genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA-polymerasa III genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA genetika   MeSH
• rostliny genetika   MeSH
• telomerasa * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA-polymerasa II MeSH
• RNA-polymerasa III MeSH
• RNA MeSH
• telomerasa * MeSH
• telomerase RNA MeSH Prohlížeč

Chemoreceptors help insects to interact with their environment, to detect and assess food sources and oviposition sites, and to aid in intra- and interspecific communication. In Hymenoptera, species of eusocial lineages possess large chemoreceptor gene repertoires compared with solitary species, possibly because of their additional need to recognize nest-mates and caste. However, a critical piece of information missing so far has been the size of chemoreceptor gene repertoires of solitary apoid wasps. Apoid wasps are a paraphyletic group of almost exclusively solitary Hymenoptera phylogenetically positioned between ant and bee, both of which include eusocial species. We report the chemosensory-related gene repertoire sizes of three apoid wasps: Ampulex compressa, Cerceris arenaria, and Psenulus fuscipennis. We annotated genes encoding odorant (ORs), gustatory, and ionotropic receptors and chemosensory soluble proteins and odorant-binding proteins in transcriptomes of chemosensory tissues of the above three species and in early draft genomes of two species, A. compressa and C. arenaria. Our analyses revealed that apoid wasps possess larger OR repertoires than any bee lineage, that the last common ancestor of Apoidea possessed a considerably larger OR repertoire (∼160) than previously estimated (73), and that the expansion of OR genes in eusocial bees was less extensive than previously assumed. Intriguingly, the evolution of pollen-collecting behavior in the stem lineage of bees was associated with a notable loss of OR gene diversity. Thus, our results support the view that herbivorous Hymenoptera tend to possess smaller OR repertoires than carnivorous, parasitoid, or kleptoparasitic species.

• Klíčová slova
• Ampulicidae, Apoidea, Crabronidae, Philanthidae, chemoreceptor gene repertoires, eusociality evolution,
• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Hymenoptera genetika   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• pyl genetika   MeSH
• receptory pachové MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sršňovití klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• včely klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• odorant-binding protein MeSH Prohlížeč
• receptory pachové MeSH

The tremendous diversity of Hymenoptera is commonly attributed to the evolution of parasitoidism in the last common ancestor of parasitoid sawflies (Orussidae) and wasp-waisted Hymenoptera (Apocrita). However, Apocrita and Orussidae differ dramatically in their species richness, indicating that the diversification of Apocrita was promoted by additional traits. These traits have remained elusive due to a paucity of sawfly genome sequences, in particular those of parasitoid sawflies. Here, we present comparative analyses of draft genomes of the primarily phytophagous sawfly Athalia rosae and the parasitoid sawfly Orussus abietinus. Our analyses revealed that the ancestral hymenopteran genome exhibited traits that were previously considered unique to eusocial Apocrita (e.g., low transposable element content and activity) and a wider gene repertoire than previously thought (e.g., genes for CO2 detection). Moreover, we discovered that Apocrita evolved a significantly larger array of odorant receptors than sawflies, which could be relevant to the remarkable diversification of Apocrita by enabling efficient detection and reliable identification of hosts.

• Klíčová slova
• hexamerin, major royal jelly protein, microsynteny, odorant receptor, opsin, phytophagy,
• MeSH
• býložravci genetika   MeSH
• genom hmyzu * MeSH
• genová dávka MeSH
• glykoproteiny genetika   MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny genetika   MeSH
• Hymenoptera genetika   MeSH
• imunita genetika   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita genetika   MeSH
• konzervovaná sekvence MeSH
• multigenová rodina MeSH
• receptory pachové genetika   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• sociální chování MeSH
• transpozibilní elementy DNA MeSH
• vznik druhů (genetika) * MeSH
• zrak genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glykoproteiny MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny MeSH
• MRJP1 protein, Apis mellifera MeSH Prohlížeč
• receptory pachové MeSH
• storage proteins, Insecta MeSH Prohlížeč
• transpozibilní elementy DNA MeSH

Previously, host-parasitoid links have been unveiled almost exclusively by time-intensive rearing, while molecular methods were used only in simple agricultural host-parasitoid systems in the form of species-specific primers. Here, we present a general method for the molecular detection of these links applied to a complex caterpillar-parasitoid food web from tropical rainforest of Papua New Guinea. We DNA barcoded hosts, parasitoids and their tissue remnants and matched the sequences to our extensive library of local species. We were thus able to match 87% of host sequences and 36% of parasitoid sequences to species and infer subfamily or family in almost all cases. Our analysis affirmed 93 hitherto unknown trophic links between 37 host species from a wide range of Lepidoptera families and 46 parasitoid species from Hymenoptera and Diptera by identifying DNA sequences for both the host and the parasitoid involved in the interaction. Molecular detection proved especially useful in cases where distinguishing host species in caterpillar stage was difficult morphologically, or when the caterpillar died during rearing. We have even detected a case of extreme parasitoid specialization in a pair of Choreutis species that do not differ in caterpillar morphology and ecology. Using the molecular approach outlined here leads to better understanding of parasitoid host specificity, opens new possibilities for rapid surveys of food web structure and allows inference of species associations not already anticipated.

• MeSH
• Diptera genetika   MeSH
• DNA primery genetika   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Hymenoptera genetika   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita genetika   MeSH
• larva parazitologie   MeSH
• Lepidoptera genetika   parazitologie   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• potravní řetězec * MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• taxonomické DNA čárové kódování MeSH
• tropické klima MeSH
• výpočetní biologie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Papua Nová Guinea MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA primery MeSH