The dorsal and ventral visual streams have been considered to play distinct roles in visual processing for action: the dorsal stream is assumed to support real-time actions, while the ventral stream facilitates memory-guided actions. However, recent evidence suggests a more integrated function of these streams. We investigated the neural dynamics and functional connectivity between them during memory-guided actions using intracranial EEG. We tracked neural activity in the inferior parietal lobule in the dorsal stream, and the ventral temporal cortex in the ventral stream as well as the hippocampus during a delayed action task involving object identity and location memory. We found increased alpha power in both streams during the delay, indicating their role in maintaining spatial visual information. In addition, we recorded increased alpha power in the hippocampus during the delay, but only when both object identity and location needed to be remembered. We also recorded an increase in theta band phase synchronization between the inferior parietal lobule and ventral temporal cortex and between the inferior parietal lobule and hippocampus during the encoding and delay. Granger causality analysis indicated dynamic and frequency-specific directional interactions among the inferior parietal lobule, ventral temporal cortex, and hippocampus that varied across task phases. Our study provides unique electrophysiological evidence for close interactions between dorsal and ventral streams, supporting an integrated processing model in which both streams contribute to memory-guided actions.

• Klíčová slova
• Alpha oscillations, Dorsal visual stream, Granger causality analysis, Intracranial EEG, Memory-guided actions, Phase-locking value, Theta oscillations, Ventral visual stream,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• elektrokortikografie MeSH
• hipokampus * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• paměť * fyziologie   MeSH
• spánkový lalok * fyziologie   MeSH
• temenní lalok * fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce * fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové dráhy * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The spatial organization and dynamic interactions between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs that define the receptive field (RF) of simple cells in the cat primary visual cortex (V1) still raise the following paradoxical issues: (1) stimulation of simple cells in V1 with drifting gratings supports a wiring schema of spatially segregated sets of excitatory and inhibitory inputs activated in an opponent way by stimulus contrast polarity and (2) in contrast, intracellular studies using flashed bars suggest that although ON and OFF excitatory inputs are indeed segregated, inhibitory inputs span the entire RF regardless of input contrast polarity. Here, we propose a biologically detailed computational model of simple cells embedded in a V1-like network that resolves this seeming contradiction. We varied parametrically the RF-correlation-based bias for excitatory and inhibitory synapses and found that a moderate bias of excitatory neurons to synapse onto other neurons with correlated receptive fields and a weaker bias of inhibitory neurons to synapse onto other neurons with anticorrelated receptive fields can explain the conductance input, the postsynaptic membrane potential, and the spike train dynamics under both stimulation paradigms. This computational study shows that the same structural model can reproduce the functional diversity of visual processing observed during different visual contexts.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Identifying generic connectivity motives in cortical circuitry encoding for specific functions is crucial for understanding the computations implemented in the cortex. Indirect evidence points to correlation-based biases in the connectivity pattern in V1 of higher mammals, whereby excitatory and inhibitory neurons preferentially synapse onto neurons respectively with correlated and anticorrelated receptive fields. A recent intracellular study questions this push-pull hypothesis, failing to find spatial anticorrelation patterns between excitation and inhibition across the receptive field. We present here a spiking model of V1 that integrates relevant anatomic and physiological constraints and shows that a more versatile motif of correlation-based connectivity with selectively tuned excitation and broadened inhibition is sufficient to account for the diversity of functional descriptions obtained for different classes of stimuli.

• Klíčová slova
• circuits, conductance analysis, cortex, primary visual cortex, push–pull, spiking model,
• MeSH
• akční potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• modely neurologické * MeSH
• nervový přenos fyziologie   MeSH
• nervový útlum fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• synapse fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové korové centrum fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

To understand how anatomy and physiology allow an organism to perform its function, it is important to know how information that is transmitted by spikes in the brain is received and encoded. A natural question is whether the spike rate alone encodes the information about a stimulus (rate code), or additional information is contained in the temporal pattern of the spikes (temporal code). Here we address this question using data from the cat Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN), which is the visual portion of the thalamus, through which visual information from the retina is communicated to the visual cortex. We analyzed the responses of LGN neurons to spatially homogeneous spots of various sizes with temporally random luminance modulation. We compared the Firing Rate with the Shannon Information Transmission Rate , which quantifies the information contained in the temporal relationships between spikes. We found that the behavior of these two rates can differ quantitatively. This suggests that the energy used for spiking does not translate directly into the information to be transmitted. We also compared Firing Rates with Information Rates for X-ON and X-OFF cells. We found that, for X-ON cells the Firing Rate and Information Rate often behave in a completely different way, while for X-OFF cells these rates are much more highly correlated. Our results suggest that for X-ON cells a more efficient "temporal code" is employed, while for X-OFF cells a straightforward "rate code" is used, which is more reliable and is correlated with energy consumption.

• Klíčová slova
• Cat LGN, Entropy, Firing rate, Neural coding, ON–OFF cells, Shannon information theory,
• MeSH
• akční potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• duševní procesy fyziologie   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• metathalamus cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• zrakové dráhy cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové korové centrum cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

UNLABELLED: Single cases may lead to unexpected hypotheses in psychology. We retrospectively analyzed single case studies that suggested organizational principles along the early visual pathway, which have remained unanswered until now. FIRST CASE: In spite of the inhomogeneity of sensitivity, paradoxically the visual field on the subjective level appears to be homogeneous; constancy of brightness of supra-threshold stimuli throughout the visual field is claimed to be responsible for homogeneity; specific summation properties of retinal ganglion cells are hypothesized to guarantee this effect. SECOND CASE: With a brain-injured patient having suffered a partial visual field loss it can be shown that color induction is a retinal phenomenon; lateral inhibitory processes at the level of amacrine cells are hypothesized as neural network. Third case: In a patient having suffered a bilateral occipital lobe infarction, some functional recovery has been demonstrated; divergence and convergence of projection in the ascending neural pathway are suggested as a structural basis for recovery. Slowed down binocular rivalry discloses a sequential mechanism in the construction of a visual percept. Fourth case: The pre-wired projection of the retina to the visual cortex in spite of a severe squint of one eye is confirmed, but paradoxically some local neuroplasticity is also suggested. Fifth case: Using habituation of local sensitivity in the visual field and its resetting by interhemispheric interactions as an experimental paradigm, it is suggested that spatial attention is controlled at the midbrain level. Sixth case: Observations on residual vision or "blindsight" support the hypothesis that the visual cortex is the one and only structure responsible for visual perception on a conscious level. The unifying principle of these retrospective analyses is that subjective visual phenomena can lead to unexpected but testable hypotheses of neural processing on the structural and functional level in the early visual pathway.

• Klíčová slova
• attentional control, binocular rivalry, blindsight, brightness perception, color perception, consciousness, eccentricity effect, habituation, neuroplasticity, restitution of function,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metathalamus fyziologie   MeSH
• mozkový infarkt patofyziologie   MeSH
• poranění mozku patofyziologie   MeSH
• pozornost fyziologie   MeSH
• retina fyziologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• slepota patofyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace MeSH
• vnímání barev MeSH
• zraková pole * MeSH
• zrakové dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové korové centrum fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

Animals often change their habitat throughout ontogeny; yet, the triggers for habitat transitions and how these correlate with developmental changes - e.g. physiological, morphological and behavioural - remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated how ontogenetic changes in body coloration and of the visual system relate to habitat transitions in a coral reef fish. Adult dusky dottybacks, Pseudochromis fuscus, are aggressive mimics that change colour to imitate various fishes in their surroundings; however, little is known about the early life stages of this fish. Using a developmental time series in combination with the examination of wild-caught specimens, we revealed that dottybacks change colour twice during development: (i) nearly translucent cryptic pelagic larvae change to a grey camouflage coloration when settling on coral reefs; and (ii) juveniles change to mimic yellow- or brown-coloured fishes when reaching a size capable of consuming juvenile fish prey. Moreover, microspectrophotometric (MSP) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments show developmental changes of the dottyback visual system, including the use of a novel adult-specific visual gene (RH2 opsin). This gene is likely to be co-expressed with other visual pigments to form broad spectral sensitivities that cover the medium-wavelength part of the visible spectrum. Surprisingly, the visual modifications precede changes in habitat and colour, possibly because dottybacks need to first acquire the appropriate visual performance before transitioning into novel life stages.

• Klíčová slova
• Co-expression, Colour change, Development, Gene duplication, Opsin, Vision,
• MeSH
• barva MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace MeSH
• korálové útesy * MeSH
• kůže cytologie   MeSH
• kvantitativní znak dědičný MeSH
• mimikry * MeSH
• opsiny genetika   MeSH
• pigmentace fyziologie   MeSH
• predátorské chování MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• ryby růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• zrak fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Austrálie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• opsiny MeSH

Audio-visual integration has been shown to be present in a wide range of different conditions, some of which are processed through the dorsal, and others through the ventral visual pathway. Whereas neuroimaging studies have revealed integration-related activity in the brain, there has been no imaging study of the possible role of segregated visual streams in audio-visual integration. We set out to determine how the different visual pathways participate in this communication. We investigated how audio-visual integration can be supported through the dorsal and ventral visual pathways during the double flash illusion. Low-contrast and chromatic isoluminant stimuli were used to drive preferably the dorsal and ventral pathways, respectively. In order to identify the anatomical substrates of the audio-visual interaction in the two conditions, the psychophysical results were correlated with the white matter integrity as measured by diffusion tensor imaging.The psychophysiological data revealed a robust double flash illusion in both conditions. A correlation between the psychophysical results and local fractional anisotropy was found in the occipito-parietal white matter in the low-contrast condition, while a similar correlation was found in the infero-temporal white matter in the chromatic isoluminant condition. Our results indicate that both of the parallel visual pathways may play a role in the audio-visual interaction.

• Klíčová slova
• DTI, Doubleflash, MRI, Multisensory, TBSS,
• MeSH
• akustická stimulace MeSH
• anizotropie MeSH
• bílá hmota fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• sluchová percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace MeSH
• teorie detekce signálu fyziologie   MeSH
• zobrazování difuzních tenzorů MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Inconsistent information from different modalities can be delusive for perception. This phenomenon can be observed with simultaneously presented inconsistent numbers of brief flashes and short tones. The conflict of bimodal information is reflected in double flash or fission, and flash fusion illusions, respectively. The temporal resolution of the vision system plays a fundamental role in the development of these illusions. As the parallel, dorsal and ventral pathways have different temporal resolution we presume that these pathways play different roles in the illusions. We used pathway-optimized stimuli to induce the illusions on separately driven visual streams. Our results show that both pathways support the double flash illusion, while the presence of the fusion illusion depends on the activated pathway. The dorsal pathway, which has better temporal resolution, does not support fusion, while the ventral pathway which has worse temporal resolution shows fusion strongly.

• MeSH
• akustická stimulace MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• iluze * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• psychometrie MeSH
• sluchová percepce MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• teorie detekce signálu MeSH
• zraková percepce * MeSH
• zrakové dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové korové centrum fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

An electrophysiological study on the effect of aging on the visual pathway and various levels of visual information processing (primary cortex, associate visual motion processing cortex and cognitive cortical areas) was performed. We examined visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to pattern-reversal, motion-onset (translation and radial motion) and visual stimuli with a cognitive task (cognitive VEPs - P300 wave) at luminance of 17 cd/m(2). The most significant age-related change in a group of 150 healthy volunteers (15-85 years of age) was the increase in the P300 wave latency (2 ms per 1 year of age). Delays of the motion-onset VEPs (0.47 ms/year in translation and 0.46 ms/year in radial motion) and the pattern-reversal VEPs (0.26 ms/year) and the reductions of their amplitudes with increasing subject age (primarily in P300) were also found to be significant. The amplitude of the motion-onset VEPs to radial motion remained the most constant parameter with increasing age. Age-related changes were stronger in males. Our results indicate that cognitive VEPs, despite larger variability of their parameters, could be a useful criterion for an objective evaluation of the aging processes within the CNS. Possible differences in aging between the motion-processing system and the form-processing system within the visual pathway might be indicated by the more pronounced delay in the motion-onset VEPs and by their preserved size for radial motion (a biologically significant variant of motion) compared to the changes in pattern-reversal VEPs.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• reakční čas fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• vnímání pohybu fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové evokované potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové korové centrum fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We performed a systematic study to check whether neurons in the area TE (the anterior part of inferotemporal cortex) in rhesus monkey, regarded as the last stage of the ventral visual pathway, could be modulated by auditory stimuli. Two fixating rhesus monkeys were presented with visual, auditory or combined audiovisual stimuli while neuronal responses were recorded. We have found that the visually sensitive neurons are also modulated by audiovisual stimuli. This modulation is manifested as the change of response rate. Our results have shown also that the visual neurons were responsive to the sole auditory stimuli. Therefore, the concept of inferotemporal cortex unimodality in information processing should be re-evaluated.

• MeSH
• akustická stimulace MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• Macaca mulatta MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• reakční čas MeSH
• sluchová dráha cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• sluchové evokované potenciály MeSH
• sluchové korové centrum cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace MeSH
• zrakové dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové evokované potenciály MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Event related potentials (ERPs) provide an insight into sensory and cognitive processes in health and disease. Studies of an ERP negative amplitude deflection elicited by a change in a series of auditory stimuli is known as mismatch negativity (MMN). The generation of MMN is impaired in schizophrenia. Its deficit is associated with lower everyday functioning and may be also interpreted as the marker of progression in schizophrenia. MMN elicited by visual stimuli (vMMN) was described by several research teams, but it has not been investigated in schizophrenia as yet. Using a motion-direction paradigm, we elicited visual MMN in 24 patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. The vMMN was computed as differences in areas under curve of visual ERPs to standard and deviant motion-direction stimuli recorded from midline derivations at the interval of 100-200 ms. They were compared between groups of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. The significantly smaller vMMN indicated an impaired generation of mismatch negativity in patients with schizophrenia. In secondary analyses there was an association of vMMN impairment among patients with higher dose of medication, lower level of functioning and the presence of deficit syndrome. This impairment appears analogous to the impairment of MMN in the auditory domain and is probably related to early visual information processing. Its relationship to cognitive functioning of patients with schizophrenia deserves further attention.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• funkční lateralita fyziologie   MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kontrolní skupiny MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• plocha pod křivkou MeSH
• pozornost fyziologie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• psychotické poruchy diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• reakční čas fyziologie   MeSH
• schizofrenie (psychologie) MeSH
• schizofrenie diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• vnímání pohybu fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové evokované potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH