This paper reviews currently available data on the novel coronavirus and clinical features of COVID-19, followed by a detailed section on possible modifications of immunomodulatory therapy in multiple sclerosis patients with COVID-19, based on what we know so far. There are discussed: (i) The COVID-19 disease (Epidemiological background SARS-CoV-1 coronavirus; Autoimmune response to COVID-19; Asymptomatic course; SARS-CoV-2 test; COVID-19 symptoms), (ii) Treatment of COVID-19 (Experimental plasma treatment; Antiviral therapy; Antimalarial treatment scheme; Biological treatment; Corticosteroid treatment; Symptomatic treatment; Vaccine preparation) and (iii) Multiple sclerosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection (Epidemiological recommendation).

• Klíčová slova
• COVID-19, coronavirus, immunomodulatory therapy, multiple sclerosis,
• MeSH
• asymptomatické nemoci epidemiologie   MeSH
• autoimunita MeSH
• Betacoronavirus fyziologie   MeSH
• COVID-19 MeSH
• imunologické faktory farmakologie   MeSH
• imunomodulace imunologie   MeSH
• koronavirové infekce * epidemiologie   imunologie   terapie   virologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pandemie * MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * epidemiologie   imunologie   terapie   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• virová pneumonie * epidemiologie   imunologie   terapie   virologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunologické faktory MeSH

BACKGROUND: Factor V Leiden (FVL) supposedly carries relatively higher risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), compared to the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE). AIM: To prove this paradox in a group of patients with various clinical presentation of venous thromboembolism (VTE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated clinical pattern of VTE in patients who had been referred to vascular clinic shortly after an acute VTE event. In FVL positive and FVL negative groups we compared the prevalence of isolated symptomatic DVT (proximal or distal) and symptomatic PE with/without DVT, and, moreover, asymptomatic DVT or PE. RESULTS: Of 575 patients (mean age 57 years, 50.1% women), 120 were FVL positive and those had significantly higher prevalence of isolated symptomatic DVT, compared to symptomatic PE with/without DVT. Proximal DVT location was significantly more frequent in FVL carriers. The prevalence of asymptomatic PE did not differ between the two groups. The rate of asymptomatic DVT tended to be higher in FVL negative group. In a multivariate analysis, we confirmed FVL to be positively associated with isolated DVT presentation (odds ratio OR 1.757; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.148-2.690). On the contrary, increasing age and unprovoked nature of VTE event carried a higher risk of symptomatic PE. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed FVL to be significantly associated with isolated symptomatic DVT despite higher prevalence of proximal DVT in FVL carriers. The fact of relatively lower risk of PE in FVL positive patients might have clinical implication. However, mechanisms of FVL paradox remain to be elucidated.

• MeSH
• asymptomatické nemoci epidemiologie   MeSH
• bodová mutace MeSH
• detekce genetických nosičů MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• faktor V genetika   MeSH
• hemokoagulace genetika   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plicní embolie * epidemiologie   genetika   patofyziologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• žilní trombóza * epidemiologie   genetika   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Irsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• factor V Leiden MeSH Prohlížeč
• faktor V MeSH

BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis is becoming a global health hazard as it infects 30-50% of the world human population. Clinically, the life-long presence of the parasite in tissues of a majority of infected individuals is usually considered asymptomatic. However, a number of studies show that this 'asymptomatic infection' may also lead to development of other human pathologies. AIMS OF THE STUDY: The purpose of the study was to collect available geoepidemiological data on seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and search for its relationship with mortality and disability rates in different countries. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Prevalence data published between 1995-2008 for women in child-bearing age were collected for 88 countries (29 European). The association between prevalence of toxoplasmosis and specific disease burden estimated with age-standardized Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) or with mortality, was calculated using General Linear Method with Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP), geolatitude and humidity as covariates, and also using nonparametric partial Kendall correlation test with GDP as a covariate. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis correlated with specific disease burden in particular countries explaining 23% of variability in disease burden in Europe. The analyses revealed that for example, DALY of 23 of 128 analyzed diseases and disease categories on the WHO list showed correlations (18 positive, 5 negative) with prevalence of toxoplasmosis and another 12 diseases showed positive trends (p<0.1). For several obtained significant correlations between the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and specific diseases/clinical entities, possible pathophysiological, biochemical and molecular explanations are presented. CONCLUSIONS: The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis correlated with various disease burden. Statistical associations does not necessarily mean causality. The precautionary principle suggests however that possible role of toxoplasmosis as a triggering factor responsible for development of several clinical entities deserves much more attention and financial support both in everyday medical practice and future clinical research.

• MeSH
• asymptomatické nemoci epidemiologie   MeSH
• dopravní nehody statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• hrubý domácí produkt MeSH
• internacionalita * MeSH
• kvalitativně upravené roky života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• sebevražda statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• toxoplazmóza krev   epidemiologie   mortalita   přenos   MeSH
• vlhkost MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Microsporidia (Fungi) have been repeatedly identified as the cause of opportunistic infections predominantly in immunodeficient individuals such as AIDS patients. However, the global epidemiology of human microsporidiosis is poorly understood and the ability of microsporidia to survive and multiply in immunocompetent hosts remains unsolved. AIMS: To determine the presence of latent microsporidia infections in apparently healthy humans in the Czech Republic, the authors tested sera, urine and stool originating from fifteen persons within a three month period examined on a weekly basis. METHODS: Sera, stool and urine samples originating from fifteen HIV-negative people at risk with occupational exposure to animals, aged 22-56 years, living in the Czech Republic were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for the presence of specific anti-microsporidial antibodies, standard Calcofluor M2R staining for the detection of microsporidian spores in all urine sediments and stool smears and molecular methods for the microsporidial species determination. RESULTS: Specific anti-microsporidial antibodies were detected in fourteen individuals, asymptomatic Encephalitozoon spp. infection was found in thirteen and E. bieneusi infection was detected in seven of those examined. While E. hellem 1A and E. cuniculi II were the major causative agents identified, seven different genotypes of E. bieneusi were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: These findings clearly show that exposure to microsporidia is common and chronic microsporidiosis is not linked to any clinical manifestation in healthy population. Moreover, our results indicate much higher incidence of microsporidial infections among an apparently healthy population than previously reported. These results open the question about the potential risk of reactivation of latent microsporidiosis in cases of immunosupression causing life-threatening disease.

• MeSH
• asymptomatické nemoci epidemiologie   MeSH
• barvení a značení metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• Encephalitozoon cytologie   imunologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fluorescenční protilátková technika nepřímá MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• mikrosporidióza diagnóza   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• moč mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mykologie metody   MeSH
• protilátky fungální krev   MeSH
• sérum mikrobiologie   MeSH
• spory hub cytologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protilátky fungální MeSH