BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis is becoming a global health hazard as it infects 30-50% of the world human population. Clinically, the life-long presence of the parasite in tissues of a majority of infected individuals is usually considered asymptomatic. However, a number of studies show that this 'asymptomatic infection' may also lead to development of other human pathologies. AIMS OF THE STUDY: The purpose of the study was to collect available geoepidemiological data on seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and search for its relationship with mortality and disability rates in different countries. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Prevalence data published between 1995-2008 for women in child-bearing age were collected for 88 countries (29 European). The association between prevalence of toxoplasmosis and specific disease burden estimated with age-standardized Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) or with mortality, was calculated using General Linear Method with Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP), geolatitude and humidity as covariates, and also using nonparametric partial Kendall correlation test with GDP as a covariate. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis correlated with specific disease burden in particular countries explaining 23% of variability in disease burden in Europe. The analyses revealed that for example, DALY of 23 of 128 analyzed diseases and disease categories on the WHO list showed correlations (18 positive, 5 negative) with prevalence of toxoplasmosis and another 12 diseases showed positive trends (p<0.1). For several obtained significant correlations between the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and specific diseases/clinical entities, possible pathophysiological, biochemical and molecular explanations are presented. CONCLUSIONS: The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis correlated with various disease burden. Statistical associations does not necessarily mean causality. The precautionary principle suggests however that possible role of toxoplasmosis as a triggering factor responsible for development of several clinical entities deserves much more attention and financial support both in everyday medical practice and future clinical research.

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Prague Czech Republic

Department of Medicine Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia United States of America

Department of Social Pediatrics Faculty of Health Sciences Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw Poland

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Beyond Latency: Chronic Toxoplasma Infection and Its Unveiled Behavioral and Clinical Manifestations-A 30-Year Research Perspective

Chronic inflammation in pregnant women with latent toxoplasmosis and explanation of discordant results of serological tests for toxoplasmosis

Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in ready-to-eat salad mixes: multi-country survey using a validated and harmonised standard operating procedure, Europe, 2021 to 2022

Re-assessing host manipulation in Toxoplasma: the underexplored role of sexual transmission - evidence, mechanisms, implications

Thirty years of studying latent toxoplasmosis: behavioural, physiological, and health insights

Oral Sex as a Potential Route for Toxoplasma Gondii Transmission: Experiment with Human Semen and Laboratory Mice Model

Cognitive Effects of Toxoplasma and CMV Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study of 557 Young Adults Considering Modulation by Sex and Rh Factor

Le Petit Machiavellian Prince: Effects of Latent Toxoplasmosis on Political Beliefs and Values

Toxoplasmosis is a risk factor for acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection and a severe course of COVID-19 in the Czech and Slovak population: a preregistered exploratory internet cross-sectional study

Relationship between Latent Toxoplasmosis and Depression in Clients of a Center for Assisted Reproduction

Multi-pathogen infections and Alzheimer's disease

Friends with malefit. The effects of keeping dogs and cats, sustaining animal-related injuries and Toxoplasma infection on health and quality of life

Negative Effects of Latent Toxoplasmosis on Mental Health

Latent toxoplasmosis and olfactory functions of Rh positive and Rh negative subjects

Lower performance of Toxoplasma-infected, Rh-negative subjects in the weight holding and hand-grip tests

Predictors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Czech and Slovak populations: the possible role of cat-related injuries and risky sexual behavior in the parasite transmission

Heterozygote Advantage Probably Maintains Rhesus Factor Blood Group Polymorphism: Ecological Regression Study

No Evidence of Association between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Financial Risk Taking in Females

Effects of latent toxoplasmosis on autoimmune thyroid diseases in pregnancy