BACKGROUND: We aimed to examine the global disease burden and trends of prostate cancer incidence and mortality by age, and their associations with gross domestic product (GDP), human development index (HDI), smoking, and alcohol drinking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrieved the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) database for the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in 2020; the World Bank for GDP per capita; the United Nations for HDI; the WHO Global Health Observatory for prevalence of smoking and alcohol drinking; the Cancer Incidence in 5 Continents (CI5), WHO mortality database, for trend analysis. We presented the prostate cancer incidence and mortality using age-standardized rates. We examined their associations with GDP, HDI, smoking, and alcohol drinking by Spearman's correlations and multivariable regression. We estimated the 10-year trend of incidence and mortality by joinpoint regression analysis with average annual percent change with 95% confidence intervals in different age groups. RESULTS: A wide variation in the burden of prostate cancer with the highest mortality found in low-income countries while the highest incidence was observed in high-income countries. We found moderate to high positive correlations for GDP, HDI, and alcohol drinking with prostate cancer incidence, whilst a low negative correlation was observed for smoking. Globally, there was an increasing incidence but decreasing mortality of prostate cancer, and such trends were particularly prominent in Europe. Notably, the incidence increase was also found in the younger population aged <50 years. CONCLUSIONS: There was a global variation in the burden of prostate cancer associated with GDP, HDI, smoking, and alcohol drinking.

• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví MeSH
• hrubý domácí produkt MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kouření škodlivé účinky   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prostaty * epidemiologie   MeSH
• pití alkoholu škodlivé účinky   epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The numbers of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths per million people differ widely across countries. Often, the causal effects of interventions taken by authorities are unjustifiably concluded based on the comparison of pure mortalities in countries where interventions consisting different strategies have been taken. Moreover, the possible effects of other factors are only rarely considered. METHODS: We used data from open databases (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, World Bank Open Data, The BCG World Atlas) and publications to develop a model that could largely explain the differences in cumulative mortality between countries using non-interventional (mostly socio-demographic) factors. RESULTS: Statistically significant associations with the logarithmic COVID-19 mortality were found with the following: proportion of people aged 80 years and above, population density, proportion of urban population, gross domestic product, number of hospital beds per population, average temperature in March and incidence of tuberculosis. The final model could explain 67% of the variability. This finding could also be interpreted as follows: less than a third of the variability in logarithmic mortality differences could be modified by diverse non-pharmaceutical interventions ranging from case isolation to comprehensive measures, constituting case isolation, social distancing of the entire population and closure of schools and borders. CONCLUSIONS: In particular countries, the number of people who will die from COVID-19 is largely given by factors that cannot be drastically changed as an immediate reaction to the pandemic and authorities should focus on modifiable variables, e.g. the number of hospital beds.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 mortalita   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• HIV infekce epidemiologie   MeSH
• hrubý domácí produkt MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• městské obyvatelstvo statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nadváha epidemiologie   MeSH
• obložnost MeSH
• pandemie prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče organizace a řízení   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• tuberkulóza epidemiologie   MeSH
• věkové rozložení MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is a major urological disease, with approximately 550 000 new cases diagnosed in 2018. OBJECTIVE: We examined gender-specific incidence and mortality patterns, and trends of bladder cancer from a global perspective. We further investigated their associations with tobacco use and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We retrieved data on the incidence and mortality of bladder cancer from the GLOBOCAN database, Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, and the WHO mortality database. Data on the rate of tobacco use were retrieved from the WHO Global Health Observatory. Data on GDP per capita was retrieved from the United Nations Human Development Report. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: We performed two sets of analyses. The first set of analysis is based on bladder cancer incidence and mortality data in 2018. The gender-specific age-standardised rates (ASRs) of incidence and mortality, and their correlations with the rate of tobacco use and GDP per capita were investigated. A multivariable linear regression analysis was also performed. In the second set of analysis, we examined the 10-yr temporal trends of bladder cancer incidence and mortality by average annual percent change using joinpoint regression analysis. A further exploratory analysis on GDP per capita in countries with decreasing trends of tobacco use was also performed. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Wide variations in bladder cancer incidence and mortality were observed globally. There were positive correlations between the rate of tobacco use and the ASRs of bladder cancer incidence (r=0.20) and mortality (r=0.38) in men, and between the rate of tobacco use and the ASRs of bladder cancer incidence (r=0.67) and mortality (r=0.22) in women. There were positive correlations between GDP per capita, and the ASRs of bladder cancer incidence in men (r=0.48) and women (r=0.44). There was a weak positive correlation between GDP per capita and bladder cancer mortality in men (r=0.19), but no correlation with bladder cancer mortality in women (r=0.06). Upon multivariable linear regression analysis, tobacco use was significantly associated with bladder cancer incidence and mortality in men, and bladder cancer incidence in women. Regarding the 10-yr temporal trends of bladder cancer, Europe has an increasing incidence but decreasing mortality, and Asia has a decreasing incidence but increasing male mortality. Among countries with decreasing trends of tobacco use, the mean GDP per capita was higher in countries with decreasing trends of bladder cancer mortality than in those with increasing trends of bladder cancer mortality. A major limitation of the study is that cancer incidence might be underdetected and under-reported in less developed nations. CONCLUSIONS: There were observable trends of bladder cancer incidence and mortality globally. Tobacco use was significantly associated with both bladder cancer incidence and mortality. A certain level of economic capacity might be needed to further reduce bladder cancer mortality in countries with a decreasing trend of tobacco use. PATIENT SUMMARY: There are different trends of bladder cancer incidence and mortality globally. Smoking is significantly associated with the incidence and mortality of bladder cancer. A higher financial capacity may be needed to further improve the disease outcomes.

• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví * MeSH
• hrubý domácí produkt * MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory močového měchýře epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• užívání tabáku škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The objective is to evaluate the relations between gender health inequalities and economic prosperity in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. The groups included health indicators in the specification of men, women and gender inequalities: life expectancy, causes of mortality and avoidable mortality. The variable determining the economic prosperity was represented by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The analytical processing included descriptive analysis, analysis of differences and analysis of relationships. The regression analysis was presented as the main output of the research. Most of the significant gender differences in health showed a more positive outcome for women. It is possible to identify a certain relation between gender health inequalities and economic prosperity. If there is some reduction in gender inequalities in health, the economic prosperity will increase. The reduction seems to be more effective on the part of men than women. The output of the cluster analysis showed the relations of indicators evaluating the inequalities and the prosperity. The countries such as Luxembourg, Norway or Switzerland showed very positive outputs, on the other hand, the countries with a potential for the improvement are Lithuania, Latvia or Estonia. Overall, the policies should focus on reducing the inequalities in avoidable mortality as well as reducing the frequent diseases in younger people.

• MeSH
• disparity zdravotního stavu * MeSH
• hrubý domácí produkt * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• vyspělé země * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Estonsko MeSH
• Litva MeSH
• Lotyšsko MeSH
• Lucembursko MeSH
• Norsko MeSH
• Švýcarsko MeSH

OBJECTIVES: We assess the potential benefits of increased physical activity for the global economy for 23 countries and the rest of the world from 2020 to 2050. The main factors taken into account in the economic assessment are excess mortality and lower productivity. METHODS: This study links three methodologies. First, we estimate the association between physical inactivity and workplace productivity using multivariable regression models with proprietary data on 120 143 individuals in the UK and six Asian countries (Australia, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Thailand, Singapore and Sri Lanka). Second, we analyse the association between physical activity and mortality risk through a meta-regression analysis with data from 74 prior studies with global coverage. Finally, the estimated effects are combined in a computable general equilibrium macroeconomic model to project the economic benefits of physical activity over time. RESULTS: Doing at least 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity per week, as per lower limit of the range recommended by the 2020 WHO guidelines, would lead to an increase in global gross domestic product (GDP) of 0.15%-0.24% per year by 2050, worth up to US$314-446 billion per year and US$6.0-8.6 trillion cumulatively over the 30-year projection horizon (in 2019 prices). The results vary by country due to differences in baseline levels of physical activity and GDP per capita. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing physical activity in the population would lead to reduction in working-age mortality and morbidity and an increase in productivity, particularly through lower presenteeism, leading to substantial economic gains for the global economy.

• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví ekonomika   MeSH
• cvičení * MeSH
• hrubý domácí produkt statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mortalita trendy   MeSH
• podpora zdraví ekonomika   MeSH
• sedavý životní styl * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In a globalized economy, production of goods can be disrupted by trade disputes. Yet the resulting impacts on carbon dioxide emissions and ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) related premature mortality are unclear. Here we show that in contrast to a free trade world, with the emission intensity in each sector unchanged, an extremely anti-trade scenario with current tariffs plus an additional 25% tariff on each traded product would reduce the global export volume by 32.5%, gross domestic product by 9.0%, carbon dioxide by 6.3%, and PM2.5-related mortality by 4.1%. The respective impacts would be substantial for the United States, Western Europe and China. A freer trade scenario would increase global carbon dioxide emission and air pollution due to higher levels of production, especially in developing regions with relatively high emission intensities. Global collaborative actions to reduce emission intensities in developing regions could help achieve an economic-environmental win-win state through globalization.

• MeSH
• daně * MeSH
• hrubý domácí produkt MeSH
• internacionalita * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nesouhlas a spor MeSH
• obchod * MeSH
• oxid uhličitý * MeSH
• pevné částice * MeSH
• předčasná smrt * MeSH
• uhlík MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Čína MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

According to data from recent studies from Europe, a large percentage of patients have restricted access to innovative medicines for metastatic melanoma. Melanoma World Society and European Association of Dermato-oncology conducted a Web-based survey on access to first-line recommended treatments for metastatic melanoma by current guidelines (National Comprehensive Center Network, European Society for Medical Oncology [ESMO] and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/European Association of Dermato-oncology/European dermatology Forum) among melanoma experts from 27 European countries, USA, China, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico from September 1st, 2017 to July 1st, 2018. Data on licencing and reimbursement of medicines and the number of patient treated were correlated with the data on health expenditure per capita (HEPC), Mackenbach score of health policy performance, health technology assessment (HTA), ASCO and ESMO Magnitude of clinical benefit scale (ESMO MCBS) scores of clinical benefit and market price of medicines. Regression analysis for evaluation of correlation between the parameters was carried out using SPSS software. The estimated number of patients without access in surveyed countries was 13768. The recommended BRAFi + MEKi combination and anti-PD1 immunotherapy were fully reimbursed/covered in 19 of 34 (55.8%) and 17 of 34 (50%) countries, and combination anti-CTLA4+anti-PD1 in was fully covered in 6 of 34 (17.6%) countries. Median delay in reimbursement was 991 days, and it was in significant correlation with ESMO MCBS (p = 0.02), median market price (p = 0.001), HEPC and Mackenbach scores (p < 0.01). Price negotiations or managed entry agreements (MEAs) with national authorities were necessary for reimbursement. In conclusion, great discrepancy exists in metastatic melanoma treatment globally. Access to innovative medicines is in correlation with economic parameters as well as with healthcare system performance parameters. Patient-oriented drug development, market access and reimbursement pathways must be urgently found.

• MeSH
• compassionate use trials MeSH
• dávkové mechanismy MeSH
• dodržování směrnic MeSH
• hrubý domácí produkt MeSH
• klinické zkoušky jako téma statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• koupě zacílená na zvýšení kvality a hodnoty péče MeSH
• léky zkušební ekonomika   zásobování a distribuce   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• melanom farmakoterapie   ekonomika   epidemiologie   sekundární   MeSH
• náklady na léky MeSH
• předpisy - poplatky MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• vývoj člověka MeSH
• zdravotní priority MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Latinská Amerika MeSH
• Rusko MeSH

Je možné konstatovat, že na každou složitou otázku, kterou hledání řešení současné migrační krize je, existuje sice jednoduchá, ale špatná odpověď. Z konstruktivis­tického hlediska je však míra objektivity uchopení reality lidskou myslí diskutabilní, a tak se v příspěvku o jistý (byť zjednodušený) pohled – zejména ten ekonomický – na jinak složitou problematiku můžeme alespoň pokusit. Většina ekonomických analýz současného stavu České republiky působí celkem příznivě. V roce 2016 byl zaznamenán přebytek státního rozpočtu a nezaměstnanost si ČR udržela na nejnižší úrovni v rámci EU. Jsou tyto ekonomické podmínky relevantním faktorem pro začleňování uprchlíků podle systému migračních kvót EU? Nebo nelze počítat s dlouhodobě udržitelným příznivým hospodářským stavem ČR a pozitivní prvky ekonomických podmínek nejsou tak výrazné, jak by se na první pohled zdálo? Nízká úroveň mezd v České republice a vysoké množství finančních prostředků, které odcházejí do zahraničí, nevytvářejí již tak pozitivní obraz hospodářské situace v České republice. Česko je po ekonomické stránce přesto schopno zvládnout přijmout počty migrantů, které jsou zatím nastaveny migračními kvótami EU. Pokud se však migrační kvóty budou zvyšovat, protože skutečné počty uprchlíků nelze zjistit, lze do budoucna předpokládat kritické zatížení ekonomické stability České republiky.

It is possible to state that every complicated question about dealing with the contemporary migration crisis has a simple but a wrong answer. From the constructivist perspective, the level of an objective grip of reality by the human mind is debatable, so, in this article, we can at least try to offer a certain (even simplified) view, particularly from the perspective of economics. Most economic analyses of the contemporary state of the Czech Republic appear very positive. In 2016, there was a record over profit margin in the state budget and unemployment in the Czech Republic was the lowest in the EU. Are such economic conditions a relevant factor for the integration of immigrants according to the system of the migration quotas of the EU, or is it possible that we cannot count on the long-term positive economic condition of the Czech Republic, because the economic condition of the state is not as positive as it seems? The low average income in the Czech Republic and large investments abroad do not add up to the positive economic picture painted in the Czech Republic. From an economic perspective, the Czech Republic is able to integrate the number of immigrants according to the EU quotas. If the quotas grow because it is not possible to determine the exact number of refugees, it can be assumed that the economic stability of the Czech Republic will be critical.

• MeSH
• ekonomický rozvoj statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• hrubý domácí produkt statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• migrace lidstva * statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• náklady a analýza nákladů MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Evropa MeSH

• MeSH
• ekonomický rozvoj MeSH
• hrubý domácí produkt MeSH
• investice ekonomika   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• investiční náklady MeSH
• vláda MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• Konspekt
• Ekonomie
• NLK Obory
• ekonomie, ekonomika, ekonomika zdravotnictví
• NLK Publikační typ
• analýzy

• MeSH
• ekonomické modely MeSH
• ekonomický rozvoj MeSH
• ekonomika MeSH
• finanční řízení MeSH
• hrubý domácí produkt MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• Konspekt
• Ekonomie
• NLK Obory
• ekonomie, ekonomika, ekonomika zdravotnictví
• NLK Publikační typ
• dokumenty