This study examines whether exposure to ambient temperature in nineteenth-century urban space affected the ratio of boys to girls at birth. Furthermore, we investigate the details of temperature effects timing upon sex ratio at birth. The research included 66,009 individual births, aggregated in subsequent months of births for the years 1847-1900, i.e. 33,922 boys and 32,087 girls. The statistical modelling of the probability of a girl being born is based on logistic GAM with penalized splines and automatically selected complexity. Our research emphasizes the significant effect of temperature in the year of conception: the higher the temperature was, the smaller probability of a girl being born was observed. There were also several significant temperature lags before conception and during pregnancy. Our findings indicate that in the past, ambient temperature, similar to psychological stress, hunger, malnutrition, and social and economic factors, influenced the viability of a foetus. Research on the effects of climate on the sex ratio in historical populations may allow for a better understanding of the relationship between environmental factors and reproduction, especially concerning historical populations since due to some cultural limitations, they were more prone to stronger environmental stressors than currently.

• MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• městské obyvatelstvo * MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• poměr pohlaví * MeSH
• porod MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• teplota * MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• velkoměsta MeSH

In the present study, we investigated the effect of acrylamide (ACR) exposure during pregnancy on the ovary of female adult offspring of two subsequent generations. Sixty-day-old Wistar albino female rats were given different doses of ACR (2.5 and 10 mg/kg/day) from day 6 of pregnancy until giving birth. Females from the first generation (AF1) were fed ad libitum, and thereafter, a subgroup was euthanized at 8 weeks of age and ovary samples were obtained. The remaining females were maintained until they reached sexual maturity (50 days old) and then treated in the same way as the previous generation to obtain the second generation of females (AF2). The histopathological examination indicated a high frequency of corpora lutea along with an increased number of antral follicles that reached the selectable stage mainly at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day. Interestingly, ACR exposure significantly increased the mRNA levels of CYP19 gene and its corresponding CYP19 protein expression in AF1 females. The TUNEL assay showed a significantly high rate of apoptosis in stromal cells except for dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day. However, in AF2 females, ACR exposure significantly increased the number of degenerating follicles and cysts while the number of growing follicles was reduced. Moreover, in both ACR-treated groups, estradiol-producing enzyme CYP19A gene and its corresponding protein were significantly reduced, and an excessive apoptosis was produced. We concluded that the ovarian condition of AF1 females had considerable similarity to the typical early perimenopausal stage, whereas that of AF2 females was similar to the late perimenopausal stage in women.

• MeSH
• akrylamid toxicita   MeSH
• apoptóza MeSH
• aromatasa * genetika   MeSH
• furylfuramid MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poměr pohlaví MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice * chemicky indukované   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• AIDS epidemiologie   MeSH
• HIV infekce * epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• hlášení nemocí MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• tabulky MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• AIDS MeSH
• HIV infekce * epidemiologie   MeSH
• hlášení nemocí MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• tabulky MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• HIV infekce * epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• hlášení nemocí * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přenos infekční nemoci statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• tabulky MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

AIMS: The sex ratio at birth approximates 0.515 (male : total, M/T), with 515 boys per 485 girls. Many factors have been shown to influence M/T including acute and chronic stress. Increasing maternal age is associated with a decline in M/T. In Aotearoa New Zealand, circa 15% of the population identify as of Māori heritage. This populationis generally considered to be socioeconomically disadvantaged. This study analysed M/T for Māori and non-Māori M/T births in Aotearoa New Zealand and relates these to mean maternal age at delivery. METHODS: Live births by sex and maternal age at delivery were available from the website of Tatauranga Aotearoa Stats NZ for 1997-2021. RESULTS: This study analysed 1,474,905 births (28.4% Māori) Pooled data shows that Māori M/T is significantly higher than non-Māori M/T (chi = 6.8, p = 0.009). Mean maternal age at delivery was less for Māori mothers but this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Several studies have shown that M/T is decreased in socioeconomically deprived populations, and for this reason Māori M/T is expected to be lower and not higher than non-Māori M/T. A lower mean maternal age at delivery might have explained the M/T differences noted in this analysis but this was not a statistically significant difference.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• narození živého dítěte * MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• poměr pohlaví * MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nový Zéland MeSH

Vrozené vývojové vady postihují v České republice přibližně 3–5 % novorozených dětí. Vrozené vady kůže patří k těm nejméně častým typům, celkově tvoří méně než 5 % všech případů vrozených vývojových vad u narozených dětí. V rámci širšího projektu, zaměřeného na analýzu poměru pohlaví u vrozených vývojových vad, jsme se soustředili i na poměr pohlaví u vrozených vývojových vad kůže u dětí narozených v České republice mezi roky 1994 a 2017. V tomto období bylo zachyceno 5 187 dětí s vrozenými vývojovými vadami kůže, z toho bylo 2 668 dívek (51,4 %) a 2 518 chlapců (48,5 %). Výsledný poměr pohlaví M/F (male to female) je 0,94; byla tedy nalezena mírná převaha dívek. Skupina vrozených vývojových vad kůže je ovšem etiologicky velmi heterogenní a výsledky je potřeba vnímat v tomto kontextu.

Congenital anomalies affect approximately 3-5% of newborns in the Czech Republic. Congenital skin defects are among the least common types, accounting for less than 5% of all congenital anomalies ́ cases in newborns. As part of a broader project focused on the analysis of the sex ratio in congenital anomalies, we also focused on the gender ratio in congenital anomalies of the skin in children born in the Czech Republic between 1994 and 2017. During this period, 5,187 children with congenital anomalies of the skin were recorded, of which there were 2668 girls (51.4%) and 2518 boys (48.5%). The resulting gender ratio M/F (male to female) is 0.94, so a slight predominance of girls was found. However, the congenital anomalies of the skin group are etiologically very heterogeneous and the results need to be seen in this context.

• MeSH
• epidemiologické studie MeSH
• genetická onemocnění kůže * epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poměr pohlaví MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• vrozené vady epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: The sex ratio at birth (male/total = M/F) is expected to approximate 0.515. Stress is known to reduce livebirth M/F. In the first half of the 20th century, Malta was stressed by two World Wars. OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out in order to analyse changes in reproductive performance and M/F of stillbirths and livebirths in Malta during this period. METHODS: Livebirth and stillbirth data (1910-1951) were obtained from official published Maltese government reports. Stillbirths were defined as any antenatal loss after 28 weeks of gestation. RESULTS: This analysis studied 347,562 live and 11,662 stillbirths. For 1919-1951, M/F at birth was 0.517, stillbirth M/F was 0.664, implying 28/40 M/F = 0.522. Assuming conceptional M/F = 0.5, estimated M/F for fetal wastage before 28 weeks was approximately 0.434. There was a decrease in the overall birth rate starting after 1911 to 1921, more marked for 1941-1943 followed by an overshoot in 1943-48. There was a statistically significant drop in M/F livebirths during the periods 1916-21 and 1934-45. Stillbirths decreased significantly after 1935 (M>F). A stillbirth M/F drop in 1937-45 and rise in 1946-51 were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Birth rate drops in both wars were ascribed to conscription, adverse living conditions and decreased fertility from nutritional restrictions. Both conflicts resulted in short post-war baby booms. The decrease in stillbirths is attributed to increase in antenatal attendances, hospital births and special food rations for pregnant women. The M/F observations suggest that the selective survival of both healthier female and male foetuses is favoured during times of stress.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• narození mrtvého plodu * epidemiologie   MeSH
• narození živého dítěte MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• poměr pohlaví * MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• AIDS epidemiologie   MeSH
• HIV infekce * diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• hlášení nemocí * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• tabulky MeSH

• MeSH
• HIV infekce * diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• hlášení nemocí * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• tabulky MeSH