The present study assesses the short-term association between black smoke (BS) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) levels in urban air and the daily number of emergency room admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Nis, Serbia. Generalised linear models extending Poisson regression were fitted controlling for time trend, seasonal variations, days of the week, temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, precipitation, rainfall, snowfall, overcast, and wind velocity. The emergency room admissions for all ages for COPD were significantly associated with previous-day level of BS and lag 0-2 (1,60% and 2,26% increase per 10 microg/m3, respectively). After controlling for SO2, single lagged (lag 1 and lag 2) as well as mean lagged values of BS (up to lag 0-3) were significantly associated with COPD emergencies. No effect was found for SO2, even after controlling for black smoke. The present findings support the conclusion that current levels of ambient BS may have an effect on the respiratory health of susceptible persons.

• MeSH
• chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc * MeSH
• hospitalizace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kouř škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxid siřičitý škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• počasí MeSH
• Poissonovo rozdělení MeSH
• urgentní služby nemocnice MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Srbsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kouř MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• oxid siřičitý MeSH

The short-term effects of air pollution on cardiovascular mortality in elderly were investigated in Nis, during the 2001-2005. Daily measurements of black smoke (BS) and sulphur dioxide (SO2), as well as the daily number of cardiovascular death among person > or =65 yrs of age, were collected. Generalized linear model extending Poisson regression was applied. The effects of time trend, seasonal variations, day of week, temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure were analysed. The results did not support findings from previous studies that had shown an increase in the number of cardiovascular death in elderly in association with air pollution.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci chemicky indukované   mortalita   MeSH
• kouř škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• oxid siřičitý škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• počasí MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Jugoslávie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kouř MeSH
• oxid siřičitý MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Air pollution has been linked to respiratory outcomes but controversy persists about its long-term effects. We used a novel technique to estimate the outdoor concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) at small-area level to study the long-term effects on respiratory symptoms and disease in children. METHODS: As part of the international SAVIAH study, parents of 8,013 children aged 7-10 studied in Prague (Czech Republic) and Poznan (Poland) completed a questionnaire covering respiratory health, demographic and socio-economic factors and health behaviours (response rate 91%). This report is based on 6,959 children with complete data. Outdoor SO2 was measured by passive samplers at 80 sites in Poznan and 50 sites in Prague during 2-week campaigns. Concentrations of SO2 at each point (location) in the study areas were estimated from these data by modelling in a geographical information system. The mean of the estimated SO2 concentrations at children's homes and schools was used as an indicator of exposure to outdoor SO2. RESULTS: The prevalence of respiratory outcomes was similar in both cities. In the pooled data, 12% of children had experienced wheezing/whistling in the past 12 months; 28% had a lifetime prevalence of wheezing/whistling; 14% had a dry cough at night; and 3% had had asthma diagnosed by a doctor. The estimated mean exposure to outdoor SO2 was 80 (range 44-140) microg/m3 in Poznan and 84 (66-97) microg/m3 in Prague. After socio-economic characteristics and other covariates were controlled for, SO2 was associated with wheezing/whistling in the past 12 months (adjusted OR per 50 microg/m3 1.32, 95% CI 1.10-1.57), lifetime prevalence of wheezing/whistling (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.99-1.30), and lifetime prevalence of asthma diagnosed by a doctor (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.01-1.92). The association with dry cough at night did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: In these two Central European cities with relatively high levels of air pollution, small-area based indicators of long-term outdoor winter concentrations of SO2 were associated with wheezing/whistling and with asthma diagnosed by a doctor.

• MeSH
• analýza malých oblastí MeSH
• bronchiální astma epidemiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kašel epidemiologie   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxid siřičitý škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• respirační zvuky * MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• zdravé chování MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Polsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• oxid siřičitý MeSH

Recently it has been observed that birth rates in Teplice, a highly polluted district in Northern Bohemia, have been reduced during periods when sulfur dioxide levels were high. This study, which is based on data from 2,585 parental pairs in the same region, describes an analysis of the impact of SO(2) on fecundability in the first unprotected menstrual cycle (FUMC). We obtained detailed personal data, including time-to-pregnancy information, via maternal questionnaires at delivery. We estimated individual exposures to SO(2) in each of the 4 months before conception on the basis of continual central monitoring. Three concentration intervals were introduced: < 40 microg/m(3 )(reference level); 40-80 microg/m(3); and [greater than or equal to] 80 microg/m(3). We estimated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of conception in the FUMC using logistic regression models. Many variables were screened for confounding. AORs for conception in the FUMC were consistently reduced only for couples exposed in the second month before conception to SO(2) levels as follows: 40-80 microg/m(3), AOR 0.57 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.37-0.88; p < 0.011]; [greater than or equal to] 80 microg/m(3), AOR 0.49 (CI, 0.29-0.81; p < 0.006). The association was weaker in the second 2 years of the study, probably due to the gradual decrease of SO(2) levels in the region. The relationship between SO(2) and fecundability was greater in couples living close to the central monitoring station (within 3.5 km). The timing of these effects is consistent with the period of sperm maturation. This is in agreement with recent findings; sperm abnormalities originating during spermatid maturation were found in young men from Teplice region who were exposed to the increased levels of ambient SO(2). Alternative explanations of our results are also possible.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fertilita účinky léků   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matka - expozice noxám MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• otec - expozice noxám MeSH
• oxid siřičitý škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• spermie abnormality   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• výsledek těhotenství MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
• zrání spermie účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• oxid siřičitý MeSH

UNLABELLED: The association between short term changes in ambient air concentrations of TSP and SO2 and day to day fluctuations in mortality was analyzed in the highly polluted Northern Bohemia region inhabited by approximately 630,000 people. A logistic regression model was adjusted for long term trends, seasonal cycles, influenza epidemics and weather parameters. The pollution and mortality data were available from 1982 to 1994. When the association was evaluated regardless of gender and age, 100 micrograms/m3 increase of TSP, but not SO2, was associated with a 3.4% increase of daily mortality lagged by 2 days. Evident differences in this association have been found between men and women. A significant increase in daily total and CVD mortality was observed in men below 65 while in women of the same age we found no association or even significant decrease in daily mortality. For the population over 65 the differences between genders were again apparent. The mortality in women increased significantly while in men significant decrease was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation with respect to gender might contribute to identifying susceptible subgroups.

• MeSH
• chřipka lidská mortalita   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• logistické modely MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mortalita * trendy   MeSH
• nádory mortalita   MeSH
• oxid siřičitý škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• počasí MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• příčina smrti MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• surveillance populace MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• oxid siřičitý MeSH

We report analysis of data on outdoor air pollution and respiratory symptoms in children collected in the Czech part of the international Small Area Variations in Air pollution and Health (SAVIAH) Project, a methodological study designed to test the use of geographical information systems (GIS) in studies of environmental exposures and health at small area level. We collected the following data in two districts of Prague: (1) individual data on 3,680 children (response rate 88%) by questionnaires; (2) census-based socio-demographic data for small geographical units; (3) concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) measured by passive samplers in three 2-week surveys at 80 and 50 locations, respectively. We integrated all data into a geographical information system. Modeling of NO2 and SO2 allowed estimation of exposure to outdoor NO2 and SO2 at school and at home for each child. We examined the associations between air pollution and prevalence of wheezing or whistling in the chest in the last 12 months by logistic regression at individual level, weighted least squares regression at small area (ecological) level and multilevel modeling. The results varied by the level of analysis and method of exposure estimation. In multilevel analyses using individual data, odds ratios per 10 microg/m3 increase in concentrations were 1.16 (95% CI = 0.95-1.42) for NO2, and 1.08 (95% CI = 0.97-1.21) for SO2. While mapping of spatial distribution of NO2 and SO2 in the study area appeared valid, the interpolation from outdoor to personal exposures requires consideration.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• oxid dusičitý škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• oxid siřičitý škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• poruchy dýchání chemicky indukované   epidemiologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• respirační zvuky * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• oxid dusičitý MeSH
• oxid siřičitý MeSH

In the framework of the systematic investigation of the environment of the district of Teplice (Northern Bohemia), one of the most polluted regions in Europe, an attempt was made to estimate health risks to the inhabitants posed by the most common air contaminants (SO2, NOx, particulate matter). A meta-analysis of data published in recent papers dealing with health effects was performed. At first we weighed the number of positive and negative findings focusing on the following health indicators: prevalence of symptoms (coughing, wheezing), decreased respiratory function, prevalence of respiratory illness, and acute mortality. Only those categories in which the positive findings prevailed were taken into consideration and median values for LOAELs were calculated from the data referring to positive dose-response relationships. The exposure assessment was based upon a series of data on daily concentrations of the air contaminants in Teplice since 1975. Due to the somatic and respiration parameters, as well as to their habits, children between the ages of 8 and 10 appeared the most heavily exposed of all age groups. It was concluded that in real concentrations the risk is posed mainly from sulphur dioxide and, above all, from particulate matter.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• oxid siřičitý škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• oxidy dusíku škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• oxid siřičitý MeSH
• oxidy dusíku MeSH

Previous controlled studies have indicated that asthma medication modifies the adverse effects of sulfur dioxide (SO2) on lung function and asthma symptoms. The present report analyzed the role of medication use in a panel study of children with mild asthma. Children from Sokolov (n = 82) recorded daily peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements, symptoms, and medication use in a diary. Linear and logistic regression analyses estimated the impact of concentrations of sulfate particles with diameters less than 2.5 microns, adjusting for linear trend, mean temperature, weekend (versus weekday), and prevalence of fever in the sample. Fifty-one children took no asthma medication, and only 31 were current medication users. Most children were treated with theophylline; only nine used sprays containing beta-agonist. For the nonmedicated children, weak associations between a 5-day mean of sulfates and respiratory symptoms were observed. Medicated children, in contrast, increased their beta-agonist use in direct association with an increase in 5-day mean of sulfates, but medication use did not prevent decreases in PEF and increases in the prevalence of cough attributable to particulate air pollution. Medication use was not a confounder but attenuated the associations between particulate air pollution and health outcomes.

• MeSH
• antiastmatika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bronchiální astma farmakoterapie   etiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• logistické modely MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
• oxid siřičitý škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• vrcholová exspirační průtoková rychlost MeSH
• zdraví ve městech MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiastmatika MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• oxid siřičitý MeSH

Acute effects of winter-type air pollution characterized by high levels of SO2, moderate levels of particles, and low acidity were studied. A panel of 155 asthmatic children and 102 adults with a history of asthma from the former German Democratic Republic cities of Erfurt and Welmar and from the Czech Republic city of Sokolov participated from September 1990 through June 1992. The panelists recorded daily symptoms, medication intake, and peak expiratory flow (PEF). Statistical analysis was based on linear regression of population-averaged time series controlling for trend, meteorology, and autocorrelation. A temporospatial time series approach was also applied to the data to eliminate possible confounding by some known or unknown variables that occurred simultaneously in two of the study areas. Weak same-day effects and a stronger cumulative effect of air pollution on children was observed both for PEF and for symptoms. PEF decreased -0.90% (-1.35 to -0.46%), and a symptom score increased 14.7% (0.8-28.6%) in association with an average increase of 128 micrograms/m3 SO2 over the previous 5 days. Effects on adults were smaller and less consistent. Morbidity of children was best predicted by SO2 and sulfate concentrations. The authors conclude that prolonged, high exposure to winter-type pollution was associated with small adverse health effects in asthmatics.

• MeSH
• aerosoly MeSH
• bronchiální astma chemicky indukované   epidemiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• oxid siřičitý škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• počasí MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vrcholová exspirační průtoková rychlost účinky léků   MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Německo epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aerosoly MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• oxid siřičitý MeSH

Clinical and paraclinical data of 91 neonates of the Saxon regions of Leipzig and of Torgau/Elbe were reviewed and correlated to the environmental conditions of the places of residence of their mothers during pregnancy. One of the parameters investigated was the hepatic detoxification capacity of the neonates measured by 15N elimination rates in the [15N]methacetin urine test. Because of heavy air pollution in the places of residence of some of the pregnant women, a distinct reflection of environmental influence in the parameters was expected. While some of the parameters considered, such as birth weight and bilirubin levels, did not correlate with mean exposure data of the residences of the pregnant women, the mean rate of the age-dependent maturation of hepatic 15N elimination did. This maturation was seen to be significantly decreased in heavily polluted districts of the Leipzig region compared to lower polluted places of Leipzig and to the lowly polluted region of Torgau/Elbe.

• MeSH
• acetamidy * MeSH
• charakteristiky bydlení MeSH
• hypotrofický novorozenec MeSH
• izotopy dusíku * MeSH
• játra metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matka - expozice noxám MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• oxid siřičitý škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetamidy * MeSH
• izotopy dusíku * MeSH
• methacetin MeSH Prohlížeč
• oxid siřičitý MeSH