Long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated (NPAHs) and oxygenated (OPAHs) derivatives can cause adverse health effects due to their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and oxidative potential. The distribution of PAH derivatives in the terrestrial environment has hardly been studied, although several PAH derivatives are ubiquitous in air and long-lived in soil and water. We report the multi-annual variations in the concentrations of NPAHs, OPAHs and PAHs in soils sampled at a semi-urban (Mokrá, Czech Republic) and a regional background site (Košetice, Czech Republic) in central Europe. The concentrations of the Σ18NPAHs and the Σ11+2OPAHs and O-heterocycles were 0.31 ± 0.23 ng g-1 and 4.03 ± 3.03 ng g-1, respectively, in Košetice, while slightly higher concentrations of 0.54 ± 0.45 ng g-1 and 5.91 ± 0.45 ng g-1, respectively, were found in soil from Mokrá. Among the 5 NPAHs found in the soils, 1-nitropyrene and less so 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene were most abundant. The OPAHs were more evenly distributed. The ratios of the PAH derivatives to their parent PAHs in Košetice indicate that they were long-range transported to the background site. Our results show that several NPAHs and OPAHs are abundant in soil and that gas-particle partitioning is a major factor influencing the concentration of several semi-volatile NPAHs and OPAHs in the soils. Complete understanding of the long-term variations of NPAH and OPAH concentrations in soil is limited by the lack of kinetic data describing their formation and degradation.

• Klíčová slova
• Background, Nitrated PAHs, Polycyclic aromatic compounds, soil pollution, Soil exposure, Temporal variation,
• MeSH
• dusičnany MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch * analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• pastviny MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky * analýza   MeSH
• půda MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusičnany MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky * MeSH
• půda MeSH

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common atmospheric pollutants and known to cause adverse health effects. Nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) are formed in combustion activities and by nitration of PAHs in the atmosphere and may be equally or more toxic, but their spatial and temporal distribution in the atmosphere is not well characterized. Using the global EMAC model with atmospheric chemistry and surface compartments coupled, we investigate the formation, abundance, and fate of two secondarily formed NPAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFLT) and 2-nitropyrene (2-NPYR). The default reactivity scenario, the model with the simplest interpretation of parameters from the literature, tends to overestimate both absolute concentrations and NPAH/PAH ratios at observational sites. Sensitivity scenarios indicate that NO2-dependent NPAH formation leads to better agreement between measured and predicted NPAH concentrations and that photodegradation is the most important loss process of 2-NFLT and 2-NPYR. The highest concentrations of 2-NFLT and 2-NPYR are found in regions with strong PAH emissions, but because of continued secondary formation from the PAH precursors, these two NPAHs are predicted to be spread across the globe.

• MeSH
• atmosféra MeSH
• fluoreny MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch * analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky * analýza   MeSH
• pyreny MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-nitrofluoranthene MeSH Prohlížeč
• 2-nitropyrene MeSH Prohlížeč
• fluoreny MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky * MeSH
• pyreny MeSH

We investigated the toxicity of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) in A549 cells. Cells were treated for 4 h and 24 h with: B[a]P (0.1 and 1 μM), 1-NP (1 and 10 μM) and 3-NBA (0.5 and 5 μM). Bulky DNA adducts, lipid peroxidation, DNA and protein oxidation and mRNA expression of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, NQO1, POR, AKR1C2 and COX2 were analyzed. Bulky DNA adducts were induced after both treatment periods; the effect of 1-NP was weak. 3-NBA induced high levels of bulky DNA adducts even after 4-h treatment, suggesting rapid metabolic activation. Oxidative DNA damage was not affected. 1-NP caused protein oxidation and weak induction of lipid peroxidation after 4-h incubation. 3-NBA induced lipid peroxidation after 24-h treatment. Unlike B[a]P, induction of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, measured as mRNA expression levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, was low after treatment with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) nitro-derivatives. All test compounds induced mRNA expression of NQO1, POR, and AKR1C2 after 24-h treatment. AKR1C2 expression indicates involvement of processes associated with reactive oxygen species generation. This was supported further by COX2 expression induced by 24-h treatment with 1-NP. In summary, 3-NBA was the most potent genotoxicant, whereas 1-NP exhibited the strongest oxidative properties.

• Klíčová slova
• 1-nitropyrene, 3-nitrobenzanthrone, benzo[a]pyrene, bulky DNA adducts, gene expression, oxidative damage,
• MeSH
• adukty DNA účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• benz(a)anthraceny toxicita   MeSH
• benzopyren toxicita   MeSH
• buňky A549 MeSH
• cyklooxygenasa 2 genetika   MeSH
• cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 genetika   MeSH
• cytochrom P450 CYP1B1 genetika   MeSH
• hydroxysteroiddehydrogenasy genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• NAD(P)H dehydrogenasa (chinon) genetika   MeSH
• pneumocyty účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• poškození DNA účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• pyreny toxicita   MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 genetika   MeSH
• výfukové emise vozidel toxicita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1-nitropyrene MeSH Prohlížeč
• 3-nitrobenzanthrone MeSH Prohlížeč
• adukty DNA MeSH
• AKR1C2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• benz(a)anthraceny MeSH
• benzopyren MeSH
• cyklooxygenasa 2 MeSH
• CYP1A1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• CYP1B1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 MeSH
• cytochrom P450 CYP1B1 MeSH
• hydroxysteroiddehydrogenasy MeSH
• NAD(P)H dehydrogenasa (chinon) MeSH
• NQO1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• POR protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• PTGS2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• pyreny MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 MeSH
• výfukové emise vozidel MeSH