IntroductionThis paper reviews the current knowledge and understanding of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in humans, animals and the environment in 10 countries in the eastern part of Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Methods: Published scientific papers and conference proceedings from the international and local literature, official national health service reports, national databases and doctoral theses in local languages were reviewed to provide an extensive overview on the epidemiology, diagnostics and research on these pathogens, as well as analyse knowledge gaps and areas for further research. Results:Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. were found to be common in eastern Europe, but the results from different countries are difficult to compare because of variations in reporting practices and detection methodologies used. Conclusion: Upgrading and making the diagnosis/detection procedures more uniform is recommended throughout the region. Public health authorities should actively work towards increasing reporting and standardising reporting practices as these prerequisites for the reported data to be valid and therefore necessary for appropriate control plans.

• Klíčová slova
• One Health, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, zoonosis,
• MeSH
• Cryptosporidium genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• Giardia genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• giardiáza epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• kryptosporidióza epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci přenášené potravou epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví * MeSH
• životní prostředí MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• východní Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

From 2009 to 2011, the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. was investigated on 22 farms in the Czech Republic. A total of 1,620 individual faecal samples of pigs of all age categories (pre-weaned, starters, pre-growers, growers, and sows) were evaluated for presence of Cryptosporidium spp. by standard microscopy and molecular tools. Genotyping was done through PCR amplification and characterization of the SSU rRNA (species-specific protocols) and GP60 loci. Cryptosporidium spp. was found on 16 of 22 farms with a range 0.9-71.4 %. Overall, 194 (12 %) specimens were positive by microscopy and 353 (21.8 %) by PCR. While RFLP and direct sequencing of the PCR-amplified products showed presence of Cryptosporidium suis (142), Cryptosporidium scrofarum (195), Cryptosporidium muris (3) and 13 samples had mixed infections with C. suis and C. scrofarum, species-specific molecular tools identified C. suis (224), C. scrofarum (208), Cryptosporidium parvum subtype IIa A16G1R1b (1), and C. muris (3). In addition, a total of 82 pigs had concurrent infections with C. suis and C. scrofarum. The analysis by age showed that C. suis was primarily detected among pre-weaned, whereas C. scrofarum was mostly detected among starters, especially those weaned at a younger age. Moreover, C. scrofarum never has been detected in animals younger than 6 weeks of age. Also, piglets weaned at 3 weeks of age were twice more likely to be infected with C. scrofarum than piglets weaned at an older age. Pigs raised on straw bedding were more likely to have Cryptosporidium than pigs raised on slats/slurry systems. The infections with different species were not associated with loose faeces or intensity of oocyst shedding, even when comparing different age groups.

• MeSH
• chov zvířat metody   MeSH
• Cryptosporidium klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• kryptosporidióza epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• nemoci prasat epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

We describe the morphological, biological, and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium pig genotype II and propose the species name Cryptosporidium scrofarum n. sp. to reflect its prevalence in adult pigs worldwide. Oocysts of C. scrofarum are morphologically indistinguishable from C. parvum, measuring 4.81-5.96 μm (mean=5.16)×4.23-5.29 μm (mean=4.83) with a length to width ratio of 1.07±0.06 (n=400). Oocysts of C. scrofarum obtained from a naturally infected pig were infectious for 8-week-old pigs but not 4-week-old pigs. The prepatent period in 8-week-old Cryptosporidium-naive pigs was 4-6 days and the patent period was longer than 30 days. The infection intensity of C. scrofarum in pigs was generally low, in the range 250-4000 oocysts per gram of feces. Infected pigs showed no clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis and no pathology was detected. Cryptosporidium scrofarum was not infectious for adult SCID mice, adult BALB/c mice, Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), southern multimammate mice (Mastomys coucha), yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis), or guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit rRNA, actin, and heat shock protein 70 gene sequences revealed that C. scrofarum is genetically distinct from all known Cryptosporidium species.

• MeSH
• Cryptosporidium klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• Gerbillinae MeSH
• kryptosporidióza patologie   veterinární   MeSH
• morčata MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši SCID MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nemoci prasat parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• protozoální geny genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• morčata MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

A total of 123 fecal samples of slaughtered finisher pigs and 21 sows from 14 farms were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. infection using the aniline-carbol-methyl violet staining method. Positive samples were molecularly characterized by direct sequencing of partial small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and GP60 partial genes and polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism of SSU rRNA. Cryptosporidium oocysts were microscopically identified in 36 finishers (29%) and two sows (10%). Twenty-one mono-infections of Cryptosporidium pig genotype II and 15 mixed-infection of Cryptosporidium pig genotype II and Cryptosporidium suis in finishers were found. Both sows were infected with the Cryptosporidium parvum subgenotype IIaA16G1R1, which is reported from pigs for the first time.

• MeSH
• Cryptosporidium klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA fingerprinting MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• jatka MeSH
• kryptosporidióza parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• nemoci prasat parazitologie   MeSH
• oocysty cytologie   MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• prasata parazitologie   MeSH
• protozoální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• protozoální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protozoální DNA MeSH
• protozoální proteiny MeSH
• ribozomální DNA MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S MeSH