This perspective paper follows up on earlier communications on bacteriophage therapy that we wrote as a multidisciplinary and intercontinental expert-panel when we first met at a bacteriophage conference hosted by the Eliava Institute in Tbilisi, Georgia in 2015. In the context of a society that is confronted with an ever-increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, we build on the previously made recommendations and specifically address how the Nagoya Protocol might impact the further development of bacteriophage therapy. By reviewing a number of recently conducted case studies with bacteriophages involving patients with bacterial infections that could no longer be successfully treated by regular antibiotic therapy, we again stress the urgency and significance of the development of international guidelines and frameworks that might facilitate the legal and effective application of bacteriophage therapy by physicians and the receiving patients. Additionally, we list and comment on several recently started and ongoing clinical studies, including highly desired double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials. We conclude with an outlook on how recently developed DNA editing technologies are expected to further control and enhance the efficient application of bacteriophages.

• Klíčová slova
• CRISPR CAS, Nagoya Protocol, antibiotic resistance, bacteriophage therapy, bacteriophages,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Staphylococcal hospital isolates (n = 166) were tested in a touchdown multiplex-polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification of methicillin and mupirocin resistance and discrimination of S. aureus (femA gene) from coagulase negative staphylococci and other bacteria. All isolates harbored the 16SrDNA (Staphylococcus genus specific internal control) gene, and 130 (78 %) the mecA (methicillin resistance) gene. Fifty-seven (44 %) of these were determined as methicillin-resistant S. aureus, while the remaining 73 (56 %) were methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci. Seventy-five (45 %) isolates harbored the ileS-2 (high-level mupirocin resistance) gene and were determined as mupirocin-resistant. This assay represents a simple, rapid, reliable approach for the detection and discrimination of methicillin-and mupirocin-resistant staphylococci.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin farmakologie   MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• mupirocin farmakologie   MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   MeSH
• rezistence na methicilin MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Staphylococcus účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• methicilin MeSH
• mupirocin MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

Thirty-five Staphylococcus aureus strains from auricular infections were isolated. The identification of strains was confirmed by Api ID 32 Staph strips, the antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using ATB Staph kit. PCR assay was used to detect the oxacillin resistance gene (mecA) and the erythromycin genes (ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA and mef). The susceptibility profile of all strains revealed a low resistance level to oxacillin and erythromycin. The PCR results show that 60 % of the strains are mecA positive. The frequency of erythromycin genes was: ermA (+) 22.8 %, ermB (+) 45.7, ermC (+) 17.1, msrA (+) 28.6. The mef gene was not detected in any strain. No correlations between genotypic and phenotypic methods for the determination of oxacillin and erythromycin resistance was found. However, multiplex PCR technique was shown to be a fast, practical and economic technique for the detection of methicillin-and erythromycin-resistant staphylococci.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• erythromycin farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• methyltransferasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• oxacilin farmakologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   MeSH
• proteiny vázající penicilin MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• ušní boltec mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• ErmA protein, Bacteria MeSH Prohlížeč
• erythromycin MeSH
• mecA protein, Staphylococcus aureus MeSH Prohlížeč
• MefA protein, Streptococcus MeSH Prohlížeč
• membránové proteiny MeSH
• methyltransferasy MeSH
• oxacilin MeSH
• proteiny vázající penicilin MeSH

The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in rabbit feces, cecum and meat and its enterotoxin production, susceptibility to antibiotics and its sensitivity or resistance to bacteriocins produced by enterococci with probiotic properties were determined. Isolates were resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, phosphomycin and methicillin; a high percentage of susceptibility was also recorded to vancomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and tobramycin. S. aureus isolates did not produce enterotoxins and were sensitive to partially purified enterocins (PPB) EK13, AL41 and EF2019 in the range of 100 to 12800 AU/mL; all S. aureus isolates, except the strain SA 2A/3, exhibited the highest sensitivity to PPB EK13. On the other hand, all strains were resistant to PPB CCM4231.

• MeSH
• bakteriociny metabolismus   MeSH
• cékum mikrobiologie   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• hospodářská zvířata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• králíci MeSH
• maso mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• přemostěné cyklické sloučeniny metabolismus   MeSH
• rezistence na methicilin * MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• králíci MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriociny MeSH
• enterocin MeSH Prohlížeč
• přemostěné cyklické sloučeniny MeSH

During 1999-2005 we treated 15 patients with linezolid for relevant infections of locomotion apparatus (7 cases with endoprosthesis infection, 5x osteomyelitis and 3x another infection). With the exception of one case the antibiotic therapy was always combined with appropriate surgical intervention. Average period of linezolid administration was 26 d; linezolid was applied from the beginning intravenously on average for 10 d, and then orally for 16 d (average). There were no undesirable effects in the file. Success rate reached 86.6%. MRSA strains were proved by standard methods: growth on Mueller-Hinton agar with increased concentration of NaCl and 2 mg/L of oxacilline, and measuring inhibitory zones around cephoxitine disk. The sensitivity to other antibiotics was specified by disk-diffusion test; that to linezolid was verified by E-test. Linezolid represents a medical reserve for the treatment of multiresistant Gram-positive infections or for emergencies, when allergy onset, high toxicity risk, intolerance, etc. do not allow to use other, in vitro effective, antibiotics.

• MeSH
• acetamidy terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• infekce spojené s protézou farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• linezolid MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• osteomyelitida farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• oxazolidinony terapeutické užití   MeSH
• rezistence na methicilin účinky léků   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetamidy MeSH
• antiinfekční látky MeSH
• linezolid MeSH
• oxazolidinony MeSH

Mutations extended the host range of the polyvalent bacteriophage 812 of the family Myoviridae in up to 95 % of Staphylococcus aureus strains and 43 % of strains of different coagulase-positive and -negative Staphylococcus species. Mutational changes in the genome of several host-range mutants of phage 812 were identified. Host-range mutant 812F1 harbors a deletion in endolysin gene that arose together with intron excision. Four mutants (812i, 812b, 812p, 812F3) harbor deletion in the structural gene orf8 that results from a genome rearrangement associated with intron insertion. This rearrangement was also detected in the genome of the closely related phages U16 and phi131. Another intron was discovered in the recA812 gene in these four mutants. An insertion was found in a non-coding region of the restriction fragment PstI-O of three mutants (812b, 812F3, 812g) and phages U16 and phi131. The above results contribute to the explanation of genetic factors affecting the host range of polyvalent staphylococcal bacteriophages.

• MeSH
• bakteriofágy genetika   MeSH
• endopeptidasy chemie   genetika   MeSH
• genom virový * MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• mutace * MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• proteiny virových bičíků chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA virová chemie   genetika   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus virologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• endolysin MeSH Prohlížeč
• endopeptidasy MeSH
• proteiny virových bičíků MeSH
• RNA virová MeSH