Aquatic pollution resulting from anthropogenic activities requires adequate environmental monitoring strategies in sentinel organisms. Thus, biochemical biomarkers have been used as early-warning tools of biological effects in aquatic organisms. However, before using these markers for environmental monitoring, knowledge about their developmental variation is vital. In this study, we assessed baseline levels and developmental variations of a group of potential biomarkers, oxylipins, during the lifespan of the Northern damselfly (Coenagrion hastulatum) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Effects of wastewater exposure on baseline levels were studied in a subset of damselflies to investigate the responsiveness due to anthropogenic pollution. Thirty-eight oxylipins deriving from four polyunsaturated fatty acids via two enzymatic pathways were detected in damselflies at three larval stages and in the adult form. Overall, oxylipin baseline levels showed developmental variation, which was lowest in the intermediate larval stages. Effects of exposure to wastewater effluent on oxylipin baseline levels were dependent on the life stage and were greatest in the early and intermediate larval stages. The study provides first insights into oxylipin profiles of damselflies at different stages of development and their developmental variation. Based on our results, we propose further strategies for incorporating oxylipins in damselfly larvae as biochemical markers for anthropogenic pollution.

• Klíčová slova
• Benthic invertebrate, Biomarker, Eicosanoid, Fatty acid metabolite, Life cycle, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Variation,
• MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• larva MeSH
• oxylipiny * MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• vážky * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• oxylipiny * MeSH

The effect of venlafaxine, a pharmaceutical commonly found in aquatic environment, was analyzed on non-target organism, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822). D. rerio embryos were treated by two different concentrations of venlafaxine: either concentration relevant in aquatic environment (0.3 μg/L) or concentration that was two orders of magnitude higher (30 μg/L) for the evaluation of dose-dependent effect. Time-dependent effect was rated at 24, 96, and 144 h post-fertilization (hpf). For gene expression, genes representing one of the phases of xenobiotic biotransformation (0 to III) were selected. The results of this study showed that the effect of venlafaxine on the zebrafish embryos is the most evident at hatching (96 hpf). At this time, the results showed a downregulation of gene expression in each phase of biotransformation and in both tested concentrations. In contrast, an upregulation of most of the genes was observed 144 hpf for both tested venlafaxine concentrations. The study shows that venlafaxine can affect the gene expression of biotransformation enzymes in D. rerio embryos even in the environmentally relevant concentration and thus disrupt the process of biotransformation. Moreover, the pxr regulation of genes seems to be disrupted after venlafaxine exposure in dose- and time-dependent manner.

• Klíčová slova
• : ABC transporters, Metabolism, Pharmaceutical, Regulation, Xenobiotics, Zebrafish, pxr,
• MeSH
• antidepresiva farmakologie   MeSH
• biotransformace MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu farmakologie   MeSH
• dánio pruhované * MeSH
• embryo nesavčí účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese enzymů * MeSH
• venlafaxin hydrochlorid farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antidepresiva MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• venlafaxin hydrochlorid MeSH

This study characterized changes in biomarker responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) upon exposure to effluent water discharged from a sewage treatment plant (STP) under real conditions. Fish were exposed to contamination in Cezarka pond, which receives all of its water input from the STP in the town of Vodnany, Czech Republic. Five sampling events were performed at day 0, 30, 90, 180, and 360 starting in April 2015. In total, 62 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were detected in the polar organic chemical integrative sampler. Compared to a control pond, the total concentration of PPCPs was 45, 16, 7, and 7 times higher in Cezarka pond at day 30, 90, 180, and 360, respectively. The result of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme biomarkers indicated alterations in the liver and intestine tissues of fish from Cezarka pond at day 30 and 360, respectively. High plasma vitellogenin levels were observed in both exposed females (180 and 360 days) and males (360 days) compared with their respective controls. However, only exposed female fish had higher vitellogenin mRNA expression than the control fish in these periods. Exposed female fish showed irregular structure of the ovary with scattered oocytes, which further developed to a vitellogenic stage at day 360. Low white blood cell levels were indicated in all exposed fish. Despite numerous alterations in exposed fish, favorable ecological conditions including high availability of food resulted in a better overall condition of the exposed fish after 1 year of exposure compared to the controls.

• Klíčová slova
• Biological effects, Biological pond, Endocrine disruption, Integrate biomarker response,
• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
• kapři * MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• vitelogeniny MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• vitelogeniny MeSH

Long-term monitoring of the content of perchloroethylene (PCE) in a river ecosystem affected by groundwater contamination was performed at a site in the Czech Republic. The quality of surface water was monitored quarterly between 1994 and 2013, and fish were collected from the affected ecosystem to analyse the content of PCE in their tissue in 1998, 2011 and 2012. Concentrations of PCE (9-140 μg/kg) in the tissue of fish collected from the contaminated part of the river were elevated compared to the part of the river unaffected by the contamination (ND to 5 μg/kg PCE). The quality of surface water has improved as a result of groundwater remediation during the evaluated period. Before the remedial action, PCE concentrations ranged from 30 to 95 μg/L (1994-1997). Following commencement of remedial activities in September 1997, a decrease in the content of PCE in the surface water to 7.3 μg/L (1998) and further to 1 μg/L (2011) and 1.1 μg/L (2012) led to a progressive decrease in the average concentration of PCE in the fish muscle tissue from 79 μg/kg (1998) to 24 (2011) and 30 μg/kg (2012), respectively. It was determined that the bioconcentration of PCE does not have a linear dependence because the decrease in contamination in the fish muscle tissue is not directly proportional to the decrease in contamination in the river water. The observed average bioconcentration factors were 24 and 28 for the lower concentrations of PCE and 11 for the higher concentrations of PCE in the river. In terms of age, length and weight of the collected fish, weight had the greatest significance for bioconcentration, followed by the length, with age being evaluated as a less significant factor.

• Klíčová slova
• Bioconcentration, Fish tissue contamination, Groundwater clean-up, Groundwater contamination, Non-linear BCF, PCE, Surface water contamination,
• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• podzemní voda chemie   MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• ryby metabolismus   MeSH
• tetrachlorethylen analýza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• tetrachlorethylen MeSH

The aim of the study was to investigate effects of the triazine herbicide prometryne on red swamp crayfish on the basis of oxidative stress, antioxidant indices in hepatopancreas and muscle, and histopathology of hepatopancreas. Crayfish were exposed to prometryne concentrations of 0.51 μ g L(-1), 0.144 mg L(-1), and 1.144 mg L(-1) for 11 and 25 days. Indices of oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)), and antioxidant parameters (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR)) in crayfish muscle and hepatopancreas were measured. Chronic exposure to prometryne did not showed the impact of oxidative damage to cells. Changes activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GR were observed in all tested concentrations to prometryne for 11 and 25 days (P < 0.01) as compared with the control group. We did not see any differences in histopatological examination to hepatopancreas. Prolonged exposure of prometryne did not result in oxidative damage to cell lipids and proteins, but it led to changes in antioxidant activity in crayfish tissues. Changes in antioxidant systems were also observed in the environmental prometryne concentration of 0.51 μ g L(-1). The results suggest that antioxidant responses may have potential as biomarkers for monitoring residual triazine herbicides in aquatic environments.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• herbicidy škodlivé účinky   farmakologie   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy metabolismus   MeSH
• prometryn škodlivé účinky   farmakologie   MeSH
• proteiny členovců metabolismus   MeSH
• severní raci metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidancia MeSH
• herbicidy MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy MeSH
• prometryn MeSH
• proteiny členovců MeSH

This study investigated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) pollution of selected rivers in the Czech Republic. Integrated evaluation was carried out using combination of chemical and biological monitoring, in which we measured content of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in chub bile and priority PAH in water samples obtained by exposing the semipermeable membrane devices at each location. The concentrations of 1-OHP in bile samples and sum of priority PAH in water sampler ranged from 6.8 ng mg protein(-1) to 106.6 ng mg protein(-1) and from 5.2 ng L(-1) to 173.9 ng L(-1), respectively. The highest levels of biliary metabolite and PAH in water were measured at the Odra River (the Bohumín site), which is located in relatively heavily industrialized and polluted region. Statistically significant positive correlation between biliary 1-OHP and sum of PAH in water was also obtained (P < 0.01, r s = 0.806).

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• Cyprinidae MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza   MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky MeSH

Cyanobacterial blooms represent a serious threat to the aquatic environment. Among other effects, biochemical markers have been studied in aquatic vertebrates after exposures to toxic cyanobacteria. Some parameters such as protein phosphatases may serve as selective markers of exposure to microcystins, but under natural conditions, fish are exposed to complex mixtures, which affect the overall biomarker response. This review aims to provide a critical summary of biomarker responses in aquatic vertebrates (mostly fish) to toxic cyanobacteria with a special focus on detoxification and oxidative stress. Detoxification biomarkers such as glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) showed very high variability with poor general trends. Often, stimulations and/or inhibitions and/or no effects at GSH or GST have been reported, even within a single study, depending on many variables, including time, dose, tissue, species, etc. Most of the oxidative stress biomarkers (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) provided more consistent responses, but only lipid peroxidation (LPO) seemed to fulfill the criteria needed for biomarkers, i.e., a sufficiently long half-life and systematic response. Indeed, reviewed papers demonstrated that toxic cyanobacteria systematically elevate levels of LPO, which indicates the important role of oxidative damage in cyanobacterial toxicity. In summary, the measurement of biochemical changes under laboratory conditions may provide information on the mode of toxic action. However, comparison of different studies is very difficult, and the practical use of detoxification or oxidative stress biomarkers as diagnostic tools or early warnings of cyanobacterial toxicity is questionable.

• MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• glutathion analýza   MeSH
• glutathiontransferasa analýza   MeSH
• mikrocystiny škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• ryby metabolismus   MeSH
• sinice metabolismus   MeSH
• škodlivý vodní květ MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• glutathion MeSH
• glutathiontransferasa MeSH
• mikrocystiny MeSH

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of metribuzin in surface waters on fish under experimental conditions. The effects of subchronic exposure to metribuzin on fish growth and the development of histopathological changes in selected organs (gill, kidney, liver) and on activity of some biochemical markers (CYP450, EROD) in Danio rerio were investigated during a 28-day toxicity test. Juvenile growth tests were performed on D. rerio according to OECD method number 215. Fish at an initial age of 30 days were exposed to a range of metribuzin concentrations (1.5, 5, 16, 33, and 53 mg L⁻¹). Exposure to metribuzin at 53 mg L⁻¹ was associated with increased mortality. Negative effects with regard to total body weight, length, and the inhibition of specific growth rate were induced at concentrations of 33 and 53 mg L⁻¹. Histopathological examination revealed pathological lesions in the liver in pesticide-exposed fish only at the highest concentration of 53 mg L⁻¹ of metribuzin. Based on the results of growth rate, biochemical markers (CYP450, EROD), and histopathological examination, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) value was 33 mg L⁻¹ and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) value was 16 mg L⁻¹.

• MeSH
• analýza přežití MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• dánio pruhované růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• herbicidy toxicita   MeSH
• játra účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• ledviny účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• testy subchronické toxicity MeSH
• triaziny toxicita   MeSH
• žábry účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• herbicidy MeSH
• metribuzin MeSH Prohlížeč
• triaziny MeSH

Markers of xenobiotic metabolization (cytochrome P450, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase) were investigated in the liver of the common carp Cyprinus carpio after 28-day exposure to different pesticide formulations.The fish exposed to herbicide Sencor 70 WG (metribuzin 700 g/kg) of 0.25 and 2.5 mg/l showed no change in cytochrome P450 and activity of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase when compared to control.Successor 600 (pethoxamid 600 g/l) of 0.06; 0.22 and 0.60 mg/l did not affect either cytochrome P450 or the activity of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase. However, in fish exposed to Successor 600 of 0.22 and 0.60 mg/l, there was a rise in glutathione and in the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (p<0.05), with Spearman's correlation r = 0.23 at p<0.05.Spartakus (prochloraz 450 g/l) of 0.36 and 1.08 mg/l induced cytochrome P450 and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (p<0.05), with Spearman's correlation r=0.49 at p<0.01. Glutathione increased in fish exposed to 1.08 mg/l (p<0.05), the activity of glutathione-S-transferase rose (p<0.05) in all concentrations tested (0.108; 0.36 and 1.08 mg/l). Spearman's correlation between glutathione and GST was r=0.38; p<0.01).The obtained data contribute to a better understanding of detoxification of the selected xenobitics in fish. Although biomarkers of the first phase of metabolization are considered to be more sensitive, our results indicate higher sensitivity of the second phase biomarkers.

• Klíčová slova
• CYP, EROD, GSH, GST, fish,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We investigated the effect of long-term exposure to carbamazepine (CBZ) on the enzymatic alterations and RNA/DNA ratio in intestine tissue of rainbow trout. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of CBZ (1.0 microg/l, 0.2 or 2.0 mg/l) for 42 days. Digestive enzymes (proteolytic enzymes and amylase) and energy metabolic enzyme (Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], and glutathione reductase [GR]) in fish intestine were measured. In addition, intestinal RNA/DNA ratio was determined after 42 days exposure. Carbamazepine exposure at 2.0 mg/l led to significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) activity of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GPx in CBZ-treated groups gradually increased at lower concentration of CBZ (1.0 microg/l and 0.2 mg/l), then significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) at 2.0 mg/l. After 42 days, the RNA/DNA ratio in fish intestine was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in groups exposed to CBZ at 2.0 mg/l than in other groups. However, there was no statistical significance (P > 0.05) in the activities of digestive enzymes (proteolytic enzyme and amylase) and GR in all groups. In short, prolonged exposure to CBZ resulted in different responses of various enzymes and significantly lower RNA/DNA ratio in fish intestine. Furthermore, molecular and genetic mechanisms of these physiological responses in fish are not clear, which need to be further studied.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• DNA účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• karbamazepin aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• Oncorhynchus mykiss MeSH
• RNA účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• sodíko-draslíková ATPasa antagonisté a inhibitory   metabolismus   MeSH
• střeva účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• střevní sliznice metabolismus   MeSH
• trávicí systém účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidancia MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• karbamazepin MeSH
• RNA MeSH
• sodíko-draslíková ATPasa MeSH