Pharmaceutically active compounds are common and increasing in the aquatic environment. Evidence suggests they have adverse effects on non-target organisms, and they are classified as emerging pollutants for a variety of aquatic organisms. To determine the effects of environmentally relevant levels of psychoactive compounds on non-target organisms, we analyzed cardiac and locomotory activity in early developmental stages of marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis. Responses to sertraline, methamphetamine, and a mixture of citalopram, oxazepam, sertraline, tramadol, venlafaxine, and methamphetamine at a concentration of 1 µg L-1 of each compound were assessed. On day four of exposure, cardiac activity was recorded for 5 min, and on day eight, locomotory activity was recorded for 15 min. There was a significant increase (p < 0.01) in heart rate in methamphetamine-exposed and Mix-exposed juveniles compared to the unexposed control and there was significant difference (p < 0.01) in proportion of time (activity %) was observed with sertraline-exposed, whereas velocity, and distance moved did not significantly differ (p > 0.05) in exposed and control animals. These findings revealed that low concentrations of chemicals and their mixtures can modify the physiological state of aquatic animals without outward manifestations (activity, distance moved, and velocity). Aquatic animals can be impacted earlier than is visible, but effects can potentially lead to substantial changes in populations and in ecosystem processes. Additional research to investigate chemical combinations, exposure systems, and organism physiological and molecular responses may provide evidence of broad impact of environmental pharmaceuticals.
- Klíčová slova
- Aquatic pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, Procambarus virginalis, Sertraline,
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu * farmakologie MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- lokomoce MeSH
- methamfetamin * farmakologie MeSH
- sertralin MeSH
- severní raci fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
- methamfetamin * MeSH
- sertralin MeSH
The effect of venlafaxine, a pharmaceutical commonly found in aquatic environment, was analyzed on non-target organism, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822). D. rerio embryos were treated by two different concentrations of venlafaxine: either concentration relevant in aquatic environment (0.3 μg/L) or concentration that was two orders of magnitude higher (30 μg/L) for the evaluation of dose-dependent effect. Time-dependent effect was rated at 24, 96, and 144 h post-fertilization (hpf). For gene expression, genes representing one of the phases of xenobiotic biotransformation (0 to III) were selected. The results of this study showed that the effect of venlafaxine on the zebrafish embryos is the most evident at hatching (96 hpf). At this time, the results showed a downregulation of gene expression in each phase of biotransformation and in both tested concentrations. In contrast, an upregulation of most of the genes was observed 144 hpf for both tested venlafaxine concentrations. The study shows that venlafaxine can affect the gene expression of biotransformation enzymes in D. rerio embryos even in the environmentally relevant concentration and thus disrupt the process of biotransformation. Moreover, the pxr regulation of genes seems to be disrupted after venlafaxine exposure in dose- and time-dependent manner.
- Klíčová slova
- : ABC transporters, Metabolism, Pharmaceutical, Regulation, Xenobiotics, Zebrafish, pxr,
- MeSH
- antidepresiva farmakologie MeSH
- biotransformace MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu farmakologie MeSH
- dánio pruhované * MeSH
- embryo nesavčí účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese enzymů * MeSH
- venlafaxin hydrochlorid farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antidepresiva MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- venlafaxin hydrochlorid MeSH
Usage of atrazine, a widely used herbicide, is now banned in many countries. Although forbidden to use, significant concentration of this herbicide is still present in the environment. The study focused not only on the toxicity of atrazine itself but also on products of homogeneous photocatalytic degradation. Such degradation was very fast in given conditions (sufficient amount of Fe(III) in the reaction system)-more than 95% of the initial amount of atrazine was eliminated after 30 min of irradiation. The toxicity of atrazine and its photodegradation products were examined on the aquatic plant Lemna minor and microcrustacean Daphnia magna in both acute and chronic tests. While the growth inhibition assay of atrazine for Lemna minor revealed EC50 value of 128.4 μg dm-3, the herbicide did not affect Daphnia in the acute toxicity assay. A degradation product, desethyl-atrazine, has been demonstrated to have a pronounced negative effect on the plant growth. Both atrazine and desethyl-atrazine affect negatively the number of juveniles and number of clutches of Daphnia magna in the chronic toxicity assay. Photocatalytic degradation lowers the negative effect of atrazine in Daphnia magna while photodegradation products still negatively affect Lemna growth.
- Klíčová slova
- Acute toxicity, Chronic toxicity, Daphnia magna, Desethyl-atrazine, Herbicide, Lemna minor, Photodegradation products, Triazine,
- MeSH
- Araceae účinky léků MeSH
- atrazin chemie metabolismus MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu farmakologie MeSH
- Daphnia účinky léků MeSH
- herbicidy farmakologie MeSH
- vodní organismy MeSH
- železité sloučeniny farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- atrazin MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- desethylatrazine MeSH Prohlížeč
- herbicidy MeSH
- železité sloučeniny MeSH
Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic widely used in livestock production. Like many other pharmaceuticals, OTC is not completely metabolized by the organism and thus, increasing amounts of the compound are being detected in the aquatic environment. The assessment of the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals is hindered by their very low concentrations and specific modes of action and thus relevant exposure scenarios and sensitive endpoints are needed. Thus, this work aimed to study the long-term effect of OTC exposure in zebrafish (at behavior and biochemical levels) and associated bacterial communities (fish gut and water bacterial communities). Results revealed that at behavioral level, boldness increase (manifested by increased exploratory behavior of a new environment) was observed in fish exposed to low OTC concentrations. Moreover, changes in fish swimming pattern were observed in light periods (increased stress response: hyperactivity and freezing) probably due to photo-sensibility conferred by OTC exposure. Effects at biochemical level suggest that long-term exposure to OTC interfere with cellular energy allocation mainly by reducing lipids levels and increasing energy consumption. Moreover, evidences of oxidative damage were also observed (reduced levels of TG, GST and CAT). The analysis of water and gut microbiome revealed changes in the structure and diversity of bacterial communities potentially leading to changes in communities' biological function. Some of the effects were observed at the lowest concentration tested, 0.1 μg/L which is a concentration already detected in the environment and thus clearly demonstrating the need of a serious ecotoxicological assessment of OTC effects on non-target organisms.
- Klíčová slova
- Antibiotic, Behavior assay, Enzymatic activity, microbiome,
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie toxicita MeSH
- Bacteria metabolismus MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu farmakologie toxicita MeSH
- dánio pruhované fyziologie MeSH
- energetický metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- metabolismus lipidů účinky léků MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- oxytetracyklin farmakologie toxicita MeSH
- plavání MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antibakteriální látky MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- oxytetracyklin MeSH
Diltiazem is a pharmaceutical belonging to a group of calcium channel blockers (CCB) that is widely used in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of diltiazem on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Juvenile trout were exposed for 21 and 42 days to three nominal concentrations of diltiazem: 0.03 μg L(-1) (environmentally relevant concentration), 3 μg L(-1), and 30 μg L(-1) (sub-lethal concentrations). The number of mature neutrophilic granulocytes was significantly increased by 450 and 400% in fish exposed to 3 μg L(-1) and 30 μg L(-1) diltiazem compared to the control, respectively. Antioxidant enzyme activity was affected in liver and gills of fish exposed to all tested concentrations of diltiazem but the changes were mostly transient and not concentration dependent. Creatine kinase activity was markedly increased (ranging from 520 to 845%) at all tested diltiazem concentrations at the end of the exposure indicating muscle and/or kidney damage. The highest concentration was associated with histological changes in heart, liver, and kidney. These alterations can be attributed to the effects of diltiazem on the cardiovascular system, similar to those observed in the human body, as well as to its metabolism. At the environmentally relevant concentration, diltiazem was found to induce some alterations in the blood, gills, and liver of fish, indicating its potential for adverse effects on non-target organisms in the aquatic environment.
- Klíčová slova
- Calcium channel blocker, Creatine kinase, Haematology, Histopathological changes,
- MeSH
- blokátory kalciových kanálů MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- diltiazem farmakologie MeSH
- játra enzymologie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- kosterní svaly enzymologie patologie MeSH
- ledviny metabolismus patologie MeSH
- myokard patologie MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss metabolismus MeSH
- oxidoreduktasy analýza MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- žábry enzymologie metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- blokátory kalciových kanálů MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- diltiazem MeSH
- oxidoreduktasy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Effects of acute and subchronic exposure of fish to s-triazine herbicides have been well documented, but data on the effects of prometryn on blood analytes in carp at environmentally realistic concentrations are lacking. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine whether biometrics, blood analytes, and histopathology could serve as bioindicators in fish living in waters polluted by triazine. METHODS: Fish were exposed to prometryn at concentrations of 0.51 (reported concentration in Czech rivers), 8.0, and 80 μg/L for 14, 30, and 60 days. Prior to and during this period, biometrics, blood analytes, and histopathology were evaluated. RESULTS: After 60 days' exposure to 8.0 and 80 μg/L of prometryn, spleen weights (P < .05) and lactate (P < .01) levels were significantly lower, and concentrations of HGB (P < .01) and MHC (P < .01) and MCHC (P < .01) were higher, relative to controls. After 30 and 60 days' exposure to 0.51, 8.0, and 80 μg/L of prometryn, AST activity, calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphate levels were lower (P < .01), while creatinine concentration and ALT activity were higher (P < .01) than in controls. Glucose was higher after exposure to 80 μg/L after 30 and 60 days, and after 60 days' exposure to 8.0 μg/L. Renal histology revealed severe hyaline degeneration of the epithelial cells of caudal kidney tubules in fish at all exposure levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows effects in fish blood at a concentration of 0.51 μg/L of prometryn, a significant finding in view of prometryn reaching a maximum of 4.4 μg/L or less in European rivers. Select blood analytes, such as creatinine, and histologic changes in caudal kidney are potential biomarkers for monitoring residual triazine pesticides in Common Carp.
- Klíčová slova
- Hemoconcentration, herbicide monitoring, triazine, water pollution,
- MeSH
- biochemická analýza krve veterinární MeSH
- biologické markery krev MeSH
- biometrie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu krev farmakologie MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- hematologické testy veterinární MeSH
- herbicidy krev farmakologie MeSH
- kapři krev fyziologie MeSH
- ledviny účinky léků MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- prometryn krev farmakologie MeSH
- řeky MeSH
- slezina účinky léků MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- biologické markery MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- herbicidy MeSH
- prometryn MeSH
Passive and composite sampling in combination with in vitro bioassays and identification and quantification of individual chemicals were applied to characterize pollution by compounds with several specific modes of action in urban area in the basin of two rivers, with 400,000 inhabitants and a variety of industrial activities. Two types of passive samplers, semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD) for hydrophobic contaminants and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) for polar compounds such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals, were used to sample wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent and effluent as well as rivers upstream and downstream of the urban complex and the WWTP. Compounds with endocrine disruptive potency were detected in river water and WWTP influent and effluent. Year-round, monthly assessment of waste waters by bioassays documented estrogenic, androgenic and dioxin-like potency as well as cytotoxicity in influent waters of the WWTP and allowed characterization of seasonal variability of these biological potentials in waste waters. The WWTP effectively removed cytotoxic compounds, xenoestrogens and xenoandrogens. There was significant variability in treatment efficiency of dioxin-like potency. The study indicates that the WWTP, despite its up-to-date technology, can contribute endocrine disrupting compounds to the river. Riverine samples exhibited dioxin-like, antiestrogenic and antiandrogenic potencies. The study design enabled characterization of effects of the urban complex and the WWTP on the river. Concentrations of PAHs and contaminants and specific biological potencies sampled by POCIS decreased as a function of distance from the city.
- Klíčová slova
- Androgenic, Bioassay in vitro, Cytotoxicity, Dioxin-like, Estrogenic, Passive sampling,
- MeSH
- androgenní receptory metabolismus MeSH
- androgeny analýza farmakologie MeSH
- biotest MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza farmakologie MeSH
- čištění vody MeSH
- dioxiny analýza farmakologie MeSH
- endokrinní disruptory analýza farmakologie MeSH
- estrogeny analýza farmakologie MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- odpadní voda chemie MeSH
- pesticidy analýza farmakologie MeSH
- polychlorované dibenzodioxiny analýza farmakologie MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza farmakologie MeSH
- receptory aromatických uhlovodíků metabolismus MeSH
- receptory pro estrogeny metabolismus MeSH
- řeky chemie MeSH
- skládková zařízení MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- Názvy látek
- androgenní receptory MeSH
- androgeny MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- dioxiny MeSH
- endokrinní disruptory MeSH
- estrogeny MeSH
- odpadní voda MeSH
- pesticidy MeSH
- polychlorované dibenzodioxiny MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky MeSH
- receptory aromatických uhlovodíků MeSH
- receptory pro estrogeny MeSH
The effects of the triazine herbicide prometryne, commonly present in surface and ground waters, on oxidative stress and antioxidant status of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of prometryne (0.51, 8, and 80μg/l) for 14, 30, and 60 days. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) were assessed in brain, gill, intestine, liver, and muscle. After 14 days exposure, decreased GR activity in brain was observed for all prometryne-exposed groups compared with the controls. Changes were observed in SOD activity in brain and gill after 30 days in all exposure groups. Changes in CAT activity were observed only at the highest concentration (80μg/l) in liver and intestine after 60 days. The observed effects on carp antioxidant systems may be a defense against oxidative damage. The study demonstrated changes in antioxidant parameters and the importance of evaluating the potential long-term risk to fish of prometryne, at environmentally realistic concentrations (0.51μg/l). The results suggest that antioxidant responses may have potential as biomarkers for monitoring residual triazine herbicides in aquatic environments.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu farmakologie MeSH
- glutathionreduktasa metabolismus MeSH
- herbicidy farmakologie MeSH
- kapři genetika metabolismus MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- prometryn farmakologie MeSH
- rybí proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- střeva účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- superoxiddismutasa metabolismus MeSH
- svaly účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antioxidancia MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- glutathionreduktasa MeSH
- herbicidy MeSH
- prometryn MeSH
- rybí proteiny MeSH
- superoxiddismutasa MeSH
Here is presented some of the first information on interactions of compounds produced by cyanobacteria and green algae with estrogen receptor signaling. Estrogenic potency of aqueous extracts and exudates (culture spent media with extracellular products) of seven species of cyanobacteria (10 different laboratory strains) and two algal species were assessed by use of in vitro trans-activation assays. Compounds produced by cyanobacteria and algae, and in particular those excreted from the cells, were estrogenic. Most exudates were estrogenic with potencies expressed at 50% of the maximum response under control of the estrogen receptor ranging from 0.2 to 7.2 ng 17β-estradiol (E(2)) equivalents (EEQ)/L. The greatest estrogenic potency was observed for exudates of Microcystis aerigunosa, a common species that forms water blooms. Aqueous extracts of both green algae, but only one species of cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon gracile) elicited significant estrogenicity with EEQ ranging from 15 to 280 ng 17β-estradiol (E(2))/g dry weight. Scenedesmus quadricauda exudates and extracts of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae were antagonistic to the ER when coexposed to E(2). The EEQ potency was not correlated with concentrations of cyanotoxins, such as microcystin and cylindrospermopsin, which suggests that the EEQ was comprised of other compounds. The study demonstrates some differences between the estrogenic potency of aqueous extracts prepared from the same species, but of different origin, while the effects of exudates were comparable within species. The observed estrogenic potencies are important namely in relation to the possible mass expansion of cyanobacteria and release of the active compounds into surrounding water.
- MeSH
- Aphanizomenon metabolismus MeSH
- biotest MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- Chlorophyta metabolismus MeSH
- endokrinní disruptory metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- estradiol metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- estrogeny metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- eutrofizace MeSH
- exsudáty a transsudáty chemie MeSH
- mezibuněčná komunikace fyziologie MeSH
- Microcystis účinky léků MeSH
- receptory pro estrogeny metabolismus MeSH
- sinice metabolismus MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- endokrinní disruptory MeSH
- estradiol MeSH
- estrogeny MeSH
- receptory pro estrogeny MeSH
Verapamil (VRP), a cardiovascular pharmaceutical widely distributed and persistent in the aquatic environment, has potential toxicity to fish and other aquatic organisms. However, the molecular mechanisms that lead to these toxic effects are not well known. In the present study, proteomic analysis has been performed to investigate the protein patterns that are differentially expressed in liver of rainbow trout exposed to sublethal concentrations of VRP (0.5, 27.0, and 270 μg/liter) for 42 days. Two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry was employed to detect and identify the protein profiles. The analysis revealed that the expression of six hepatic acidic proteins were markedly altered in the treatment groups compared with the control group; three proteins especially were significantly down-regulated in fish exposed to VRP at environmental related concentration (0.5 μg/liter). These results suggested that the VRP induce mechanisms against oxidative stress (glucose-regulated protein 78 and 94 and protein disulfide-isomerase A3) and adaptive changes in ion transference regulation (calreticulin, hyperosmotic glycine-rich protein). Furthermore, for the first time, protein Canopy-1 was found to be significantly down-regulated in fish by chronic exposure to VRP at environmental related levels. Overall, our work supports that fish hepatic proteomics analysis serves as an in vivo model for monitoring the residual pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment and can provide valuable insight into the molecular events in VRP-induced toxicity in fish and other organisms.
- MeSH
- 2D gelová elektroforéza MeSH
- antiarytmika farmakologie MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu farmakologie MeSH
- játra účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss metabolismus MeSH
- proteom MeSH
- rybí proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- verapamil farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antiarytmika MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- proteom MeSH
- rybí proteiny MeSH
- verapamil MeSH
