BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Arachnids are a megadiverse arthropod group. The present study investigated the chromosomes of pedipalpid tetrapulmonates (orders Amblypygi, Thelyphonida, Schizomida) and two arachnid orders of uncertain phylogenetic placement, Ricinulei and Solifugae, to reconstruct their karyotype evolution. Except for amblypygids, the cytogenetics of these arachnid orders was almost unknown prior to the present study. METHODS: Chromosomes were investigated using methods of standard (Giemsa-stained preparations, banding techniques) and molecular cytogenetics (fluorescence in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: New data for 38 species, combined with previously published data, suggest that ancestral arachnids possessed low to moderate 2n (22-40), monocentric chromosomes, one nucleolus organizer region (NOR), low levels of heterochromatin and recombinations, and no or homomorphic sex chromosomes. Karyotypes of Pedipalpi and Solifugae diversified via centric fusions, pericentric inversions, and changes in the pattern of NORs and, in solifuges, also through tandem fusions. Some solifuges display an enormous amount of constitutive heterochromatin and high NOR number. It is hypothesized that the common ancestor of amblypygids, thelyphonids, and spiders exhibited a homomorphic XY system, and that telomeric heterochromatin and NORs were involved in the evolution of amblypygid sex chromosomes. The new findings support the Cephalosomata clade (acariforms, palpigrades, and solifuges). Hypotheses concerning the origin of acariform holocentric chromosomes are presented. Unlike current phylogenetic hypotheses, the results suggest a sister relationship between Schizomida and a clade comprising other tetrapulmonates as well as a polyploidization in the common ancestor of the clade comprising Araneae, Amblypygi, and Thelyphonida.

• Klíčová slova
• Ricinulei, heterochromatin, holocentric, nucleolus organizer region, polyploidy, sex chromosome, solifuge, somatic pairing, spider, telomere,
• MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
• karyotyp * MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• organizátor jadérka genetika   MeSH
• pavoukovci * genetika   klasifikace   MeSH
• srovnávací genomová hybridizace MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Multiple sex chromosomes usually arise from chromosomal rearrangements which involve ancestral sex chromosomes. There is a fundamental condition to be met for their long-term fixation: the meiosis must function, leading to the stability of the emerged system, mainly concerning the segregation of the sex multivalent. Here, we sought to analyze the degree of differentiation and meiotic pairing properties in the selected fish multiple sex chromosome system present in the wolf-fish Hoplias malabaricus (HMA). This species complex encompasses seven known karyotype forms (karyomorphs) where the karyomorph C (HMA-C) exhibits a nascent XY sex chromosomes from which the multiple X1X2Y system evolved in karyomorph HMA-D via a Y-autosome fusion. We combined genomic and cytogenetic approaches to analyze the satellite DNA (satDNA) content in the genome of HMA-D karyomorph and to investigate its potential contribution to X1X2Y sex chromosome differentiation. We revealed 56 satDNA monomers of which the majority was AT-rich and with repeat units longer than 100 bp. Seven out of 18 satDNA families chosen for chromosomal mapping by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) formed detectable accumulation in at least one of the three sex chromosomes (X1, X2 and neo-Y). Nine satDNA monomers showed only two hybridization signals limited to HMA-D autosomes, and the two remaining ones provided no visible FISH signals. Out of seven satDNAs located on the HMA-D sex chromosomes, five mapped also to XY chromosomes of HMA-C. We showed that after the autosome-Y fusion event, the neo-Y chromosome has not substantially accumulated or eliminated satDNA sequences except for minor changes in the centromere-proximal region. Finally, based on the obtained FISHpatterns, we speculate on the possible contribution of satDNA to sex trivalent pairing and segregation.

• Klíčová slova
• FISH, Meiosis, Multiple sex chromosomes, Satellitome, Sex trivalent,
• MeSH
• Characiformes * genetika   MeSH
• chromozom Y genetika   MeSH
• hybridizace in situ fluorescenční * MeSH
• karyotyp MeSH
• meióza genetika   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• pohlavní chromozomy * genetika   MeSH
• satelitní DNA * genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• satelitní DNA * MeSH

Haplogyne araneomorphs are a diverse spider clade. Their karyotypes are usually predominated by biarmed (i.e., metacentric and submetacentric) chromosomes and have a specific sex chromosome system, X1X2Y. These features are probably ancestral for haplogynes. Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) spread frequently from autosomes to sex chromosomes in these spiders. This study focuses on pholcids (Pholcidae), a highly diverse haplogyne family. Despite considerable recent progress in pholcid cytogenetics, knowledge on many clades remains insufficient including the most species-rich pholcid genus, Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805. To characterize the karyotype differentiation of Pholcus in Europe, we compared karyotypes, sex chromosomes, NORs, and male meiosis of seven species [P.alticeps Spassky, 1932; P.creticus Senglet, 1971; P.dentatus Wunderlich, 1995; P.fuerteventurensis Wunderlich, 1992; P.phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775); P.opilionoides (Schrank, 1781); P.silvai Wunderlich, 1995] representing the dominant species groups in this region. The species studied show several features ancestral for Pholcus, namely the 2n♂ = 25, the X1X2Y system, and a karyotype predominated by biarmed chromosomes. Most taxa have a large acrocentric NOR-bearing pair, which evolved from a biarmed pair by a pericentric inversion. In some lineages, the acrocentric pair reverted to biarmed. Closely related species often differ in the morphology of some chromosome pairs, probably resulting from pericentric inversions and/or translocations. Such rearrangements have been implicated in the formation of reproductive barriers. While the X1 and Y chromosomes retain their ancestral metacentric morphology, the X2 chromosome shows a derived (acrocentric or subtelocentric) morphology. Pairing of this element is usually modified during male meiosis. NOR patterns are very diverse. The ancestral karyotype of Pholcus contained five or six terminal NORs including three X chromosome-linked loci. The number of NORs has been frequently reduced during evolution. In the Macaronesian clade, there is only a single NOR-bearing pair. Sex chromosome-linked NORs are lost in Madeiran species and in P.creticus. Our study revealed two cytotypes in the synanthropic species P.phalangioides (Madeiran and Czech), which differ by their NOR pattern and chromosome morphology. In the Czech cytotype, the large acrocentric pair was transformed into a biarmed pair by pericentric inversion.

• Klíčová slova
• NOR, Synspermiata, haplogyne, inversion, rDNA, sex chromosome, speciation,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The mygalomorph spiders of the family Atypidae are among the most archaic spiders. The genus Atypus Latreille, 1804 occurs in Eurasia and northern Africa, with a single enigmatic species, Atypus snetsingeri Sarno, 1973, known only from a small area in southeastern Pennsylvania in eastern USA. A close relationship to European species could be assumed based on geographic proximity, but A. snetsingeri more closely resembled Asian species. This study was undertaken to learn more about the genetics of A. snetsingeri, its habitat requirements and natural history. Molecular markers (CO1 sequences) were compared to available data for other atypids and showed that A. snetsingeri is identical with A. karschi Dönitz, 1887 native to East Asia. Natural history parameters in Pennsylvania were also similar in every respect to A. karschi in Japan, therefore, we propose that the spider is an introduced species and the specific epithet snetsingeri is relegated to a junior synonym of A. karschi. Cytogenetic analysis showed an X0 sex chromosome system (42 chromosomes in females, 41 in males) and we also detected nucleolus organizing regions and heterochromatin, the latter for the first time in the Atypoidea. In Pennsylvania the spider is found in a variety of habitats, from forests to suburban shrubbery, where the above-ground webs are usually attached vertically to trees, shrubs, or walls, although other webs are oriented horizontally near the ground. Prey include millipedes, snails, woodlice, carabid beetles and earthworms. Atypus karschi is the first known case of an introduced purse-web spider. It is rarely noticed but well-established within its range in southeastern Pennsylvania.

• MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• lesy MeSH
• pavouci * genetika   MeSH
• pohlavní chromozomy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Pennsylvania MeSH

Whip spiders (Amblypygi) represent an ancient order of tetrapulmonate arachnids with a low diversity. Their cytogenetic data are confined to only a few reports. Here, we analyzed the family Charinidae, a lineage almost at the base of the amblypygids, providing an insight into the ancestral traits and basic trajectories of amblypygid karyotype evolution. We performed Giemsa staining, selected banding techniques, and detected 18S ribosomal DNA and telomeric repeats by fluorescence in situ hybridization in four Charinus and five Sarax species. Both genera exhibit a wide range of diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 42-76 and 22-74 for Charinus and Sarax, respectively). The 2n reduction was accompanied by an increase of proportion of biarmed elements. We further revealed a single NOR site (probably an ancestral condition for charinids), the presence of a (TTAGG)n telomeric motif localized mostly at the chromosome ends, and an absence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Our data collectively suggest a high pace of karyotype repatterning in amblypygids, with probably a high ancestral 2n and its subsequent gradual reduction by fusions, and the action of pericentric inversions, similarly to what has been proposed for neoamblypygids. The possible contribution of fissions to charinid karyotype repatterning, however, cannot be fully ruled out.

• Klíčová slova
• Charinus, Sarax, chromosome fusion, fluorescence in situ hybridization, heterochromatin, nucleolar organizer region, telomere,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH