We studied the impact of a sublethal concentration of erythromycin on the fitness and proteome of a continuously cultivated population of Escherichia coli. The development of resistance to erythromycin in the population was followed over time by the gradient plate method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurements. We measured the growth rate, standardized efficiency of synthesis of radiolabeled proteins, and translation accuracy of the system. The proteome changes were followed over time in two parallel experiments that differed in the presence or absence of erythromycin. A comparison of the proteomes at each time point (43, 68, and 103 h) revealed a group of unique proteins differing in expression. From all 35 proteins differing throughout the cultivation, only three were common to more than one time point. In the final population, a significant proportion of upregulated proteins was localized to the outer or inner cytoplasmic membranes or to the periplasmic space. In a population growing for more than 100 generations in the presence of antibiotic, erythromycin-resistant bacterial clones with improved fitness in comparison to early resistant culture predominated. This phenomenon was accompanied by distinct changes in protein expression during a stepwise, population-based development of erythromycin resistance.

• Klíčová slova
• Continuous cultivation system, Escherichia coli, erythromycin, fitness, proteome, resistance,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• erythromycin farmakologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• genetická zdatnost účinky léků   MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteom genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u bakterií * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• erythromycin MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli MeSH
• proteom MeSH

This review deals with techniques and methods used in the study of the function and development of microorganisms occurring in soil with emphasis on the contributions of Czech Academician Ivan Málek and his coworkers or fellows (Jiří Macura, František Kunc) to the development of basic techniques used in soil microbiology. Early studies, including batch cultivation and respirometric techniques, as well as later developments of percolation and continuous-flow methods of cultivation of soil microorganisms are discussed. Recent developments in the application of analytical chemistry (HPLC or GC) and of molecular biological techniques to ecological questions that have revolutionized concepts in soil microbiology and microbial ecology are also briefly mentioned, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) and others. The shift of soil microbiology from the study of individual microorganisms to entire microbial communities, including nonculturable species, is briefly discussed.

• MeSH
• Bacteria genetika   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• bakteriologické techniky přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• fermentace MeSH
• půda analýza   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• půda MeSH

• MeSH
• alkoholy biosyntéza   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky biosyntéza   MeSH
• Bacteria růst a vývoj   MeSH
• bakteriologické techniky * MeSH
• Eukaryota růst a vývoj   MeSH
• fermentace MeSH
• houby růst a vývoj   MeSH
• kultivační techniky MeSH
• metody MeSH
• mikrobiologie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• technologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alkoholy MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH