BACKGROUND: The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing, and with it comes the demand for specialized services. Current information on the institutionalization of patients with AD is limited. OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of institutionalization among AD patients in the facilities of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. METHODS: A survey of the rate of institutionalization in facilities in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. The survey collects data on the institutionalization of patients suffering from AD in relation to the capacity of the facilities and the prevalence of the disease. Data were collected by representative quantitative survey, during years 2019-2021. RESULTS: Patients with AD occupy approximately 25% of the total capacities of institutions in the Czech and Slovak Republics. The rate of institutionalization of patients with AD is estimated at 20.5% in the Czech Republic and 24% in the Slovak Republic. This is more than the estimated worldwide rate of institutionalization of people with AD (16%) but less than the estimated rate of institutionalization of these patients in high-income countries (31%). CONCLUSIONS: As the prevalence of AD increases, so do the demands for care. If there is no increase in institutional capacity, this growth will put more pressure on home care. In order to provide specialized care to as many patients as possible, emphasis must be placed on increasing the capacity of institutions.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer's disease, dementia, inpatient care, institutionalization,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The hippocampal representation of space, formed by the collective activity of populations of place cells, is considered as a substrate of spatial memory. Alzheimer's disease (AD), a widespread severe neurodegenerative condition of multifactorial origin, typically exhibits spatial memory deficits among its early clinical signs before more severe cognitive impacts develop. OBJECTIVE: To investigate mechanisms of spatial memory impairment in a double transgenic rat model of AD. METHODS: In this study, we utilized 9-12-month-old double-transgenic TgF344-AD rats and age-matched controls to analyze the spatial coding properties of CA1 place cells. We characterized the spatial memory representation, assessed cells' spatial information content and direction-specific activity, and compared their population coding in familiar and novel conditions. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that TgF344-AD animals exhibited lower precision in coding, as evidenced by reduced spatial information and larger receptive zones. This impairment was evident in maps representing novel environments. While controls instantly encoded directional context during their initial exposure to a novel environment, transgenics struggled to incorporate this information into the newly developed hippocampal spatial representation. This resulted in impairment in orthogonalization of stored activity patterns, an important feature directly related to episodic memory encoding capacity. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results shed light on the nature of impairment at both the single-cell and population levels in the transgenic AD model. In addition to the observed spatial coding inaccuracy, the findings reveal a significantly impaired ability to adaptively modify and refine newly stored hippocampal memory patterns.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer’s disease, TgF344-AD rats, place cell directionality, place field size, spatial memory,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * patofyziologie   MeSH
• amyloidový prekurzorový protein beta genetika   MeSH
• hipokampální oblast CA1 patofyziologie   MeSH
• hipokampus patofyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
• poruchy paměti etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• potkani inbrední F344 MeSH
• potkani transgenní * MeSH
• prostorová paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amyloidový prekurzorový protein beta MeSH

BACKGROUND: Semantic and short-term episodic memory are impaired in some brain disorders including Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE: Development and validation of an almost self-administered, but cognitively demanding four-minute test identifying very mild cognitive impairment (vMCI). METHODS: The innovative hedgehog PICture Naming and Immediate Recall (PICNIR) consisted of two parts. The first task was to write down the names of 20 black-and-white pictures to evaluate long-term semantic memory and language. The second task involves immediate recall and writing the names of as many previously named pictures as possible in one minute. The PICNIR is assessed using the number of naming errors (NE) and correctly recalled picture names (PICR). The PICNIR and a neuropsychological battery were administered to 190 elderly individuals living independently in the community. They were divided into those with vMCI (n = 43 with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) 24 ± 3 points) and sociodemographically matched cognitively normal (CN) individuals (n = 147 with MoCA 26 ± 3). Both subgroups had predicted mean Mini-Mental State Examination scores of 28-29 points. RESULTS: Compared to CN, vMCI participants made more NE (0.3 ± 0.6 versus 0.6 ± 0.9; p = 0.02) and recalled fewer PICR (8.9 ± 2.2 versus 6.8 ± 2.2; p < 0.000001). Discriminative validity was satisfactory using the area under the ROC curve (AUC): 0.76 for PICR, 0.74 for MoCA, 0.67 for MoCA-five-word recall, and 0.59 for NE. The AUCs of PICR and MoCA were comparable and larger than those of MoCA five-point recall or NE. Logical Memory scores, RAVLT scores, Digit symbol, and animal fluency correlated with PICR. CONCLUSIONS: The picture-based PICNIR is an ultra-brief, sensitive cognitive test valid for assessing very mild cognitive impairment. Its effectiveness should be validated for other languages and cultures.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer's disease, PICNIR, dementia, episodic memory, hedgehog PICture naming and immediate recall, mild cognitive impairment, picture, screening, semantic memory, test,
• MeSH
• epizodická paměť * MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnóza   psychologie   MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• rozpomínání * fyziologie   MeSH
• sémantika MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• testy pro posouzení mentálních funkcí a demence statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Genetic variations in a common single nucleotide polymorphism in the ninth intron of the KIBRA gene have been linked to memory performance and risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE: We examined the risk of AD related to presence of KIBRA T allele (versus CC homozygote) and to memory performance. The role of established genetic risk factors APOE ε4 and BDNF Met was also considered. METHODS: Participants were cognitively healthy individuals (n = 19), participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) due to AD (n = 99) and AD dementia (n = 37) from the Czech Brain Aging Study. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions compared odds of belonging to a certain diagnostic category and multivariate linear regressions assessed associations with memory. RESULTS: KIBRA T allele was associated with increased AD dementia risk (odds ratio [OR] = 5.98, p = 0.012) compared to KIBRA CC genotype. In APOE ε4 negative individuals, KIBRA T allele was associated with a greater risk of both aMCI due to AD (OR = 6.68, p = 0.038) and AD dementia (OR = 15.75, p = 0.009). In BDNF Met positive individuals, the KIBRA T allele was associated with a greater risk of AD dementia (OR = 10.98, p = 0.050). In AD dementia, the association between KIBRA T allele and better memory performance approached significance (β = 0.42; p = 0.062). The link between possessing the KIBRA T allele and better memory reached statistical significance only among BDNF Met carriers (β = 1.21, p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that KIBRA T allele may not fully protect against AD dementia but could potentially delay progression of post-diagnosis cognitive deficits.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer's disease, ApoE, BDNF, KIBRA, cognitive impairments, memory,
• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * genetika   MeSH
• apolipoprotein E4 genetika   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci genetika   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny genetika   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * genetika   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozkový neurotrofický faktor genetika   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• apolipoprotein E4 MeSH
• intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny MeSH
• mozkový neurotrofický faktor MeSH
• WWC1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

Hippocampal dysfunction is associated with early clinical signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Due to the limited availability or invasiveness of current biomarkers, the AD diagnosis is usually based on cognitive assessment and structural brain imaging. The recent study by Lalive and colleagues examined the specificity of brain morphometry for the AD diagnosis in a memory clinic cohort with hippocampal-type amnestic syndrome. The results indicate that memory deficits and hippocampal atrophy are similar in AD and non-AD patients, highlighting their low diagnostic specificity. These findings challenge the traditional AD diagnosis and underscore the need for biomarkers to differentiate specific neuropathological entities.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer’s disease, Lewy body dementia, behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, cerebrospinal fluid, limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, mild cognitive impairment, positron emission tomography, primary age-related tauopathy, subjective cognitive decline, suspected non-Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * diagnóza   MeSH
• atrofie patologie   MeSH
• biologické markery * MeSH
• hipokampus patologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek patologie   diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery * MeSH

BACKGROUND: The Cogstate Brief Battery (CBB) is a computerized cognitive test battery used commonly to identify cognitive deficits related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, AD and normative samples used to understand the sensitivity of the CBB to AD in the clinic have been limited, as have the outcome measures studied. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the sensitivity of CBB outcomes, including potential composite scores, to cognitive impairment in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia due to AD, in carefully selected samples. METHODS: Samples consisted of 4,871 cognitively unimpaired adults and 184 adults who met clinical criteria for MCI (Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) = 0.5) or dementia (CDR > 0.5) due to AD and CBB naive. Speed and accuracy measures from each test were examined, and theoretically- and statistically-derived composites were created. Sensitivity and specificity of classification of cognitive impairment were compared between outcomes. RESULTS: Individual CBB measures of learning and working memory showed high discriminability for AD-related cognitive impairment for CDR 0.5 (AUCs ∼ 0.79-0.88), and CDR > 0.5 (AUCs ∼ 0.89-0.96) groups. Discrimination ability for theoretically derived CBB composite measures was high, particularly for the Learning and Working Memory (LWM) composite (CDR 0.5 AUC = 0.90, CDR > 0.5 AUC = 0.97). As expected, statistically optimized linear composite measures showed strong discrimination abilities albeit similar to the LWM composite. CONCLUSIONS: In older adults, the CBB is effective for discriminating cognitive impairment due to MCI or AD-dementia from unimpaired cognition with the LWM composite providing the strongest sensitivity.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer’s disease, cogstate brief battery, composites, dementia, discriminability, mild cognitive impairment,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * komplikace   diagnóza   psychologie   MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnóza   psychologie   MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Finding a cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been notoriously challenging for many decades. Therefore, the current focus is mainly on prevention, timely intervention, and slowing the progression in the earliest stages. A better understanding of underlying mechanisms at the beginning of the disease could aid in early diagnosis and intervention, including alleviating symptoms or slowing down the disease progression. Changes in social cognition and progressive parvalbumin (PV) interneuron dysfunction are among the earliest observable effects of AD. Various AD rodent models mimic these early alterations, but only a narrow field of study has considered their mutual relationship. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about PV interneuron dysfunction in AD and emphasize their importance in social cognition and memory. Next, we propose oxytocin (OT) as a potent modulator of PV interneurons and as a promising treatment for managing some of the early symptoms. We further discuss the supporting evidence on its beneficial effects on AD-related pathology. Clinical trials have employed the use of OT in various neuropsychiatric diseases with promising results, but little is known about its prospective impacts on AD. On the other hand, the modulatory effects of OT in specific structures and local circuits need to be clarified in future studies. This review highlights the connection between PV interneurons and social cognition impairment in the early stages of AD and considers OT as a promising therapeutic agent for addressing these early deficits.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer’s disease, animal models, dementia, hippocampus, oxytocin, parvalbumin interneurons, social cognition, social memory,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * patologie   MeSH
• hipokampus patologie   MeSH
• interneurony MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• myši transgenní MeSH
• oxytocin MeSH
• parvalbuminy metabolismus   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• sociální kognice MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxytocin MeSH
• parvalbuminy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Memory tests using controlled encoding and cued recall paradigm (CECR) have been shown to identify prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD), but information about the effectiveness of CECR compared to other memory tests in predicting clinical progression is missing. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine the predictive ability of a memory test based on the CECR paradigm in comparison to other memory/non-memory tests for conversion to dementia in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). METHODS: 270 aMCI patients from the clinical-based Czech Brain Aging Study underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment including the Enhanced Cued Recall test (ECR), a memory test with CECR, two verbal memory tests without controlled encoding: the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) and Logical memory test (LM), a visuospatial memory test: the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test, and cognitive testing based on the Uniform Data Set battery. The patients were followed prospectively. Conversion to dementia as a function of cognitive performance was examined using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: 144 (53%) patients converted to dementia. Most converters (89%) developed dementia due to AD or mixed (AD and vascular) dementia. Comparing the four memory tests, the delayed recall scores on AVLT and LM best predicted conversion to dementia. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of immediate recall scores on ECR, AVLT, and LM were similar to the HR of categorical verbal fluency. CONCLUSION: Using the CECR memory paradigm in assessment of aMCI patients has no superiority over verbal and non-verbal memory tests without cued recall in predicting conversion to dementia.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer’s disease, memory, mild cognitive impairment, verbal fluency,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * diagnóza   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * psychologie   MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Considering the world's rapidly increasing life expectancy, with people working and maintaining active lifestyles longer than ever before, addressing the effects of aging on cognition is of utmost importance. A greater understanding of cognitive aging may also be critical in distinguishing natural cognitive aging from pre-clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease and related cognitive disorders. OBJECTIVE: To systematically examine the association between aging and cognitive performance in a cognitively and otherwise healthy probability population-based sample using a computer-based method. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 673 cognitively and otherwise healthy participants aged 25-89 years (mean age 52.3±14.2 years, 52.5% of whom were female) from the Kardiovize study cohort. Mild cognitive impairment and dementia cases were excluded, followed by measurement of cognitive performance with the computer-administered Cogstate Brief Battery. We used ANCOVA and Modified Signed-Likelihood Ratio tests to examine patterns of cognition across age groups. RESULTS: We found a gradual decrease in cognitive performance across the lifespan, which required two decades to demonstrate significant changes. In contrast to attention and learning, psychomotor speed and working memory showed the most significant age-related decrease and variability in performance. The established pattern of cognitive aging was not altered by sex or education. CONCLUSION: These findings corroborate, validate, and extend the current understanding of natural cognitive aging and pinpoint specific cognitive domains with the most extensive age-related interindividual differences. This will contribute to the development of strategies to preserve cognition with aging and may also serve to improve early diagnostics of cognitive disorders using computer-based methods.

• Klíčová slova
• Aging, Alzheimer’s disease, cognition, physiology, pre-clinical diagnostics,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * psychologie   MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnóza   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs) is unknown among patients with dementia. OBJECTIVE: To analyze all-cause mortality among users of six GLDs in dementia and dementia-free subjects, respectively. METHODS: This was a longitudinal open-cohort registry-based study using data from the Swedish Dementia Registry, Total Population Register, and four supplemental registers providing data on dementia status, drug usage, confounders, and mortality. The cohort comprised 132,402 subjects with diabetes at baseline, of which 11,401 (8.6%) had dementia and 121,001 (91.4%) were dementia-free. Subsequently, comparable dementia - dementia-free pairs were sampled. Then, as-treated and intention-to-treat exposures to metformin, insulin, sulfonylurea, dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues (GLP-1a), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) were analyzed in the parallel dementia and dementia-free cohorts. Confounding was addressed using inverse-probability weighting and propensity-score matching, and flexible parametric survival models were used to produce hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the association between GLDs and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: In the as-treated models, increased mortality was observed among insulin users with dementia (HR 1.34 [95%CI 1.24-1.45]) as well as in dementia-free subjects (1.54 [1.10-1.55]). Conversely, sulfonylurea was associated with higher mortality only in dementia subjects (1.19 [1.01-1.42]). GLP-1a (0.44 [0.25-0.78]) and SGLT-2i users with dementia (0.43 [0.23-0.80]) experienced lower mortality compared to non-users. CONCLUSION: Insulin and sulfonylurea carried higher mortality risk among dementia patients, while GLP-1a and SGLT-2i were associated with lower risk. GLD-associated mortality varied between dementia and comparable dementia-free subjects. Further studies are needed to optimize GLD use in dementia patients.

• Klíčová slova
• Antidiabetics, dementia, diabetes, hyperglycemia, mortality, propensity-score,
• MeSH
• demence * komplikace   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * komplikace   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• glifloziny * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• glukagonu podobný peptid 1 MeSH
• glukosa MeSH
• hypoglykemika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• inzulin terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sulfonylmočovinové sloučeniny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glifloziny * MeSH
• glukagonu podobný peptid 1 MeSH
• glukosa MeSH
• hypoglykemika MeSH
• inzulin MeSH
• sulfonylmočovinové sloučeniny MeSH