Aim: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy (CNO) and to examine for differences between participants with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: Multicenter observational study in eight diabetic foot clinics in six countries between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2022. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were obtained from the medical records. Analyses were performed using parametric or nonparametric statistical tests for variables with normally or nonnormally distributed values, respectively. Comparisons of the qualitative data were performed using the chi-square test. Results: Seven hundred seventy-four patients with DM and CNO were included. The mean age at diagnosis of CNO was 54.5 ± 11.7 years, and the median (interquartile range (IQR)) diabetes duration at diagnosis of CNO was 15 (10-22) years. Among participants, 71.8% (n = 546) were male and 83.2% (n = 634) had T2DM. Neuropathy was present in 91.7% (n = 688), retinopathy in 60.2% (n = 452), and nephropathy in 45.2% (n = 337). Subjects with T1DM, compared to T2DM, were diagnosed with CNO at a younger age (46.9 ± 11.0 vs. 57.9 ± 10.2 years, p < 0.001), had longer diabetes duration (median value (IQR): 29.0 (21.0-38.0) vs. 14.0 (8.0-20.0) years, p < 0.001), and had more often microvascular complications (neuropathy, 95.2% in T1DM vs. 87.4% in T2DM, p = 0.006; retinopathy, 83.3% vs. 55.4%, p < 0.001; and nephropathy 67.5% vs. 40.5%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: CNO is predominant in males, occurs in long-standing DM, and is often accompanied by microvascular complications. People with T1DM, compared to those with T2DM, are affected at a younger age, have longer diabetes duration, and have more often microvascular complications.

• Klíčová slova
• Charcot joint, arthropathy neurogenic, diabetes mellitus Type 1, diabetes mellitus Type 2,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu * epidemiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * epidemiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• diabetická noha epidemiologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie epidemiologie   MeSH
• diabetické neuropatie epidemiologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropatická artropatie * epidemiologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH

OBJECTIVE: patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity are generally known to have increased risk of various types of cancer, though studies addressing associations between T2DM/obesity and thyroid cancer are inconclusive. The aim of our study was to evaluate the risk of thyroid cancer focusing on diabetic patients under conditions of euthyroid status. A retrospective study in 184 patients was performed. Three cohorts were established according to tumor histology: malignant (M), benign (B) and low-risk carcinoma (MB). Fisher's exact test and Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA of ranks were used for statistical analysis. The M (39.1 %), B (57.6 %) and MB (3.3 %) cohorts had comparable age (p=0.4), BMI (p=0.452), glycaemia (p=0.834), Hb1AC (p=0.157) and HOMA-IR (p=0.235). T2DM patients had larger thyroid gland volumes (28.8 vs 17.6 mL;p=0.001) compared to the cohort with normal glucose tolerance. Compared to women, men had more frequently present distal metastases (p=0.017), minimally invasive disease (p=0.027), more advanced staging (p=0.01) and positive pathogenic mutations in the TERT gene (p=0.009);these results were also significant for the diabetic male cohort (p=0.026). Type 2 diabetes and obesity are not risk factors for thyroid cancer, but a subgroup of males seems to have thyroid cancers of poorer prognosis. In general, diabetic patients with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are also prone to have a goiter. KEY WORDS: Thyroid cancer, Type 2 diabetes, Obesity, Thyroid nodule, Insulin resistance.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * epidemiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory štítné žlázy * epidemiologie   patologie   MeSH
• obezita * komplikace   epidemiologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The dietary composition is able to rapidly and significantly influence the diversity of the gut microbiome. This article focuses on how various types of diet affect the composition of the gut microbiome and how dietary changes are able to prevent or slow down the development of non-communicable diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and low-grade inflammation. METHODS: A review in PubMed and a hand search using references in identified articles were performed. Studies published in English from 2000 to 2024 were included. RESULTS: The studies showed the significant effect of diet on the development of non-communicable diseases dependent on the state of the gut microbiota and molecules it produces. The Western diet that continues to gain in popularity for Czech people, leads to dysbiosis and production of bacterial lipopolysaccharide or trimethylamine N-oxide causing systemic chronic inflammation in the body and thus promoting the development of non-communicable diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this review emphasize the importance of healthy eating habits in the prevention of intestinal dysbiosis and still increasing prevalence and incidence of obesity and other non-communicable diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• diet, dysbiosis, gut microbiome, non-communicable diseases, obesity,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu prevence a kontrola   mikrobiologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• dieta * MeSH
• dysbióza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neinfekční nemoci * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• obezita mikrobiologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * fyziologie   MeSH
• zánět MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: The escalating global prevalence of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes presents a major public health challenge. Physical activity plays a critical role in managing (pre)diabetes; however, adherence to physical activity recommendations remains low. The ENERGISED trial was designed to address these challenges by integrating mHealth tools into the routine practice of general practitioners, aiming for a significant, scalable impact in (pre)diabetes patient care through increased physical activity and reduced sedentary behaviour. METHODS: The mHealth intervention for the ENERGISED trial was developed according to the mHealth development and evaluation framework, which includes the active participation of (pre)diabetes patients. This iterative process encompasses four sequential phases: (a) conceptualisation to identify key aspects of the intervention; (b) formative research including two focus groups with (pre)diabetes patients (n = 14) to tailor the intervention to the needs and preferences of the target population; (c) pre-testing using think-aloud patient interviews (n = 7) to optimise the intervention components; and (d) piloting (n = 10) to refine the intervention to its final form. RESULTS: The final intervention comprises six types of text messages, each embodying different behaviour change techniques. Some of the messages, such as those providing interim reviews of the patients' weekly step goal or feedback on their weekly performance, are delivered at fixed times of the week. Others are triggered just in time by specific physical behaviour events as detected by the Fitbit activity tracker: for example, prompts to increase walking pace are triggered after 5 min of continuous walking; and prompts to interrupt sitting following 30 min of uninterrupted sitting. For patients without a smartphone or reliable internet connection, the intervention is adapted to ensure inclusivity. Patients receive on average three to six messages per week for 12 months. During the first six months, the text messaging is supplemented with monthly phone counselling to enable personalisation of the intervention, assistance with technical issues, and enhancement of adherence. CONCLUSIONS: The participatory development of the ENERGISED mHealth intervention, incorporating just-in-time prompts, has the potential to significantly enhance the capacity of general practitioners for personalised behavioural counselling on physical activity in (pre)diabetes patients, with implications for broader applications in primary care.

• Klíčová slova
• Behaviour change techniques, Fitbit, Just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITAI), Participatory development, Phone counselling, Primary care, Self-regulation theory, Text messages, Walking, Wearables,
• MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * prevence a kontrola   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mobilní telefon * MeSH
• praktické lékařství * MeSH
• prediabetes * terapie   MeSH
• sedavý životní styl MeSH
• telemedicína * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: This article briefly summarizes the results of existing research on metabolically healthy obesity in the context of health risks. METHODS: The PubMed database was searched for relevant meta-analyses addressing metabolically healthy obesity in the context of health risks. RESULTS: We included a total of 17 relevant meta-analyses in this review. The results of the studied meta-analyses showed that metabolically healthy obesity may be only a transient condition associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic abnormalities in the future. People with obesity without metabolic abnormalities have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic kidney disease, and depressive syndrome. In addition, all people with obesity are at risk of pathogenesis resulting from the mechanical stress caused by presence of abnormal adipose tissue, such as sleep apnoea syndrome or skin problems. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of meta-analyses, we recommend motivating all obese patients to change their lifestyle regardless of the presence of metabolic defects.

• Klíčová slova
• body fat percentage, fit and fat phenomenon, meta-analysis, metabolically healthy obesity, pathogenesis of obesity, visceral fat,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu epidemiologie   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metaanalýza jako téma MeSH
• metabolicky zdravá obezita * MeSH
• obezita epidemiologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Monogenic diabetes is estimated to account for 1-6% of paediatric diabetes cases in primarily non-consanguineous populations, while the incidence and genetic spectrum in consanguineous regions are insufficiently defined. In this single-centre study we aimed to evaluate diabetes subtypes, obtain the consanguinity rate and study the genetic background of individuals with syndromic and neonatal diabetes in a population with a high rate of consanguinity. METHODS: Data collection was carried out cross-sectionally in November 2021 at the paediatric diabetic clinic, Dr Jamal Ahmad Rashed Hospital, in Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq. At the time of data collection, 754 individuals with diabetes (381 boys) aged up to 16 years were registered. Relevant participant data was obtained from patient files. Consanguinity status was known in 735 (97.5%) participants. Furthermore, 12 families of children with neonatal diabetes and seven families of children with syndromic diabetes consented to genetic testing by next-generation sequencing. Prioritised variants were evaluated using the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: A total of 269 of 735 participants (36.5%) with known consanguinity status were offspring of consanguineous families. An overwhelming majority of participants (714/754, 94.7%) had clinically defined type 1 diabetes (35% of them were born to consanguineous parents), whereas only eight (1.1%) had type 2 diabetes (38% consanguineous). Fourteen (1.9%) had neonatal diabetes (50% consanguineous), seven (0.9%) had syndromic diabetes (100% consanguineous) and 11 (1.5%) had clinically defined MODY (18% consanguineous). We found that consanguinity was significantly associated with syndromic diabetes (p=0.0023) but not with any other diabetes subtype. The genetic cause was elucidated in ten of 12 participants with neonatal diabetes who consented to genetic testing (homozygous variants in GLIS3 [sibling pair], PTF1A and ZNF808 and heterozygous variants in ABCC8 and INS) and four of seven participants with syndromic diabetes (homozygous variants in INSR, SLC29A3 and WFS1 [sibling pair]). In addition, a participant referred as syndromic diabetes was diagnosed with mucolipidosis gamma and probably has type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: This unique single-centre study confirms that, even in a highly consanguineous population, clinically defined type 1 diabetes is the prevailing paediatric diabetes subtype. Furthermore, a pathogenic cause of monogenic diabetes was identified in 83% of tested participants with neonatal diabetes and 57% of participants with syndromic diabetes, with most variants being homozygous. Causative genes in our consanguineous participants were markedly different from genes reported from non-consanguineous populations and also from those reported in other consanguineous populations. To correctly diagnose syndromic diabetes in consanguineous populations, it may be necessary to re-evaluate diagnostic criteria and include additional phenotypic features such as short stature and hepatosplenomegaly.

• Klíčová slova
• Consanguineous population, Consanguinity, Diabetes genes, Genetics, Monogenic diabetes, Neonatal diabetes, Paediatric diabetes, Syndromic diabetes,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu * epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * epidemiologie   genetika   diagnóza   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• nemoci novorozenců * genetika   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• pokrevní příbuzenství MeSH
• proteiny přenášející nukleosidy genetika   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Irák epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteiny přenášející nukleosidy MeSH
• SLC29A3 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

BACKGROUND: Early-onset pancreatic cancer (EOPC) represents 5-10% of all pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cases, and the etiology of this form is poorly understood. It is not clear if established PDAC risk factors have the same relevance for younger patients. This study aims to identify genetic and non-genetic risk factors specific to EOPC. METHODS: A genome-wide association study was performed, analysing 912 EOPC cases and 10 222 controls, divided into discovery and replication phases. Furthermore, the associations between a polygenic risk score (PRS), smoking, alcohol consumption, type 2 diabetes and PDAC risk were also assessed. RESULTS: Six novel SNPs were associated with EOPC risk in the discovery phase, but not in the replication phase. The PRS, smoking, and diabetes affected EOPC risk. The OR comparing current smokers to never-smokers was 2.92 (95% CI 1.69-5.04, P = 1.44 × 10-4). For diabetes, the corresponding OR was 14.95 (95% CI 3.41-65.50, P = 3.58 × 10-4). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we did not identify novel genetic variants associated specifically with EOPC, and we found that established PDAC risk variants do not have a strong age-dependent effect. Furthermore, we add to the evidence pointing to the role of smoking and diabetes in EOPC.

• Klíčová slova
• Early onset, GWAS, Pancreatic cancer, Risk factor,
• MeSH
• celogenomová asociační studie MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * epidemiologie   genetika   komplikace   MeSH
• duktální karcinom pankreatu * genetika   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory slinivky břišní * patologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is an important gene in studies of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recent studies have suggested a possible link between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). At the same time, significant changes in insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) gene expression have been found in the brains of people with schizophrenia. These findings highlight the need to further investigate the role of IDE in schizophrenia pathogenesis. METHODS: We enrolled 733 participants from the Czech Republic, including 383 patients with schizophrenia and 350 healthy controls. Our study focused on the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2421943 in the IDE gene, which has previously been associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The SNP was analyzed using the PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: The G allele of the rs2421943 polymorphism was found to significantly increase the risk of developing SZ (p < 0.01) when a gender-based analysis showed that both AG and GG genotypes were associated with a more than 1.55 times increased risk of SZ in females (p < 0.03) but not in males. Besides, we identified a potential binding site at the G allele locus for has-miR-7110-5p, providing a potential mechanism for the observed association. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm the role of the IDE gene in schizophrenia pathogenesis and suggest that future research should investigate the relationship between miRNA and estrogen influence on IDE expression in schizophrenia pathogenesis.

• Klíčová slova
• candidate gene analyses, genetic association study, insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), miRNA, schizophrenic disorder, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP),
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• insulinasa * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• schizofrenie * genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• insulinasa * MeSH

Epidemiological studies suggest an association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to investigate the pathophysiological markers of AD vs. T2DM for each sex separately and propose models that would distinguish control, AD, T2DM, and AD-T2DM comorbidity groups. AD and T2DM differed in levels of some circulating steroids (measured mostly by GC-MS) and in other observed characteristics, such as markers of obesity, glucose metabolism, and liver function tests. Regarding steroid metabolism, AD patients (both sexes) had significantly higher sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), cortisol, and 17-hydroxy progesterone, and lower estradiol and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, compared to T2DM patients. However, compared to healthy controls, changes in the steroid spectrum (especially increases in levels of steroids from the C21 group, including their 5α/β-reduced forms, androstenedione, etc.) were similar in patients with AD and patients with T2DM, though more expressed in diabetics. It can be assumed that many of these steroids are involved in counter-regulatory protective mechanisms that mitigate the development and progression of AD and T2DM. In conclusion, our results demonstrated the ability to effectively differentiate AD, T2DM, and controls in both men and women, distinguish the two pathologies from each other, and differentiate patients with AD and T2DM comorbidities.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer’s disease, GC-MS, differential diagnostics, multivariate statistics, steroidome, type 2 diabetes mellitus,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * metabolismus   MeSH
• androstendion MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• steroidy metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• androstendion MeSH
• steroidy MeSH

AIMS: Baseline diabetic retinopathy (DR) and risk of development of microalbuminuria, kidney function decline, and cardiovascular events (CVEs) in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Post-hoc analysis of the PRIORITY study including 1758 persons with type 2 diabetes and normoalbuminuria followed for a median of 2.5 (IQR: 2.0-3.0) years. DR diagnosis included non-proliferative and proliferative abnormalities, macular oedema, or prior laser treatment. Cox models were fitted to investigate baseline DR presence with development of persistent microalbuminuria (urinary albumin-creatinine ratio > 30 mg/g); chronic kidney disease (CKD) G3 (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2); and CVE. Models were adjusted for relevant risk factors. RESULTS: At baseline, 304 (17.3 %) had DR. Compared to persons without DR, they were older (mean ± SD: 62.7 ± 7.7 vs 61.4 ± 8.3 years, p = 0.019), had longer diabetes duration (17.9 ± 8.4 vs. 10.6 ± 7.0 years, p < 0.001), and higher HbA1c (62 ± 13 vs. 56 ± 12 mmol/mol, p < 0.001). The adjusted hazard ratios of DR at baseline for development of microalbuminuria (n = 197), CKD (n = 166), and CVE (n = 64) were: 1.50 (95%CI: 1.07, 2.11), 0.87 (95%CI: 0.56, 1.34), and 2.61 (95%CI: 1.44, 4.72), compared to without DR. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of DR in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetes was associated with an increased risk of developing microalbuminuria and CVE, but not with kidney function decline.

• Klíčová slova
• Albuminuria, Cardiovascular disease, Chronic kidney disease, Diabetic retinopathy, Risk stratification, Type 2 diabetes,
• MeSH
• albuminurie komplikace   MeSH
• chronická renální insuficience * komplikace   epidemiologie   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * komplikace   epidemiologie   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie * etiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• diabetické nefropatie * MeSH
• hodnoty glomerulární filtrace MeSH
• ledviny MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH