Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), such as infant regurgitation, infant colic, and functional constipation, are common and typically physiological phenomena during the early months of an infant's life and account for frequent consultations with pediatricians. Various infant formulas are marketed for their management and are frequently given by parents to infants before a medical consultation. However, the evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited and some have altered nutritional compositions when compared to standard formulas. Thus, these products should only be used under medical supervision and upon medical advice. Marketing and over-the-counter sales do not ensure proper medical guidance and supervision. The aim of this position paper is to review the current evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of formulas specifically formulated for addressing regurgitation, colic, and constipation, recognized as FGID. The objective is to provide guidance for clinical management based on the highest quality of available evidence. A wide search using Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was performed including the MESH terms infant formula, colic, constipation, regurgitation, reflux, palmitate, lactase, lactose, magnesium, hydrolyzed protein, prebiotics or probiotics. 752 papers were identified and screened. Finally, 72 papers were included in the paper. In the absence of evidence, recommendations reflect the authors' combined expert opinion. Final consensus was obtained by multiple e-mail exchange and meetings of the Nutrition Committee. (1) For breastfed infants experiencing FGID such as regurgitation, colic, or constipation, transitioning from breastfeeding to commercial formulas is not recommended. (2) In general, whether an infant is breastfed or formula-fed, it's crucial to reassure parents that FGIDs are normal and typically do not necessitate treatment or change to a special formula. (3) Thickened formulas, often termed anti-reflux formulas, may be considered in specific cases of regurgitation. (4) The usage of specialized formulas for infants with colic is not advised due to a lack of clinical evidence. (5) In the case of constipation in infants, the use of formulas enriched with high β-palmitate and increased magnesium content may be considered to soften the stool. Generally, there is limited evidence supporting the use of specialized formulas for FGID. Breastfeeding should never be discontinued in favor of formula feeding.
- Klíčová slova
- FGID, constipation, infant colic, regurgitation,
- MeSH
- gastrointestinální nemoci * terapie MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kolika terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náhražky mateřského mléka * MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- zácpa terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH
OBJECTIVE: A constitutional disease-causing variant (DCV) in the SMAD4 or BMPR1A genes is present in 40%-60% of patients with juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS). The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical course and polyp burden in children with DCV-positive JPS compared to DCV-negative JPS. METHODS: Demographic, clinical, genetic, and endoscopic data of children with JPS were compiled from eight international centers in the ESPHGAN/NASPGHAN polyposis working group. RESULTS: A total of 124 children with JPS were included: 69 (56%) DCV-negative and 55 (44%) DCV-positive (53% SMAD4 and 47% BMPR1A) with a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 4 (2.8-6.4) years. DCV-positive children were diagnosed at an older age compared to DCV-negative children [12 (8-15.7) years vs. 5 (4-7) years, respectively, p < 0.001], had a higher frequency of family history of polyposis syndromes (50.9% vs. 1.4%, p < 0.001), experienced a greater frequency of extraintestinal manifestations (27.3% vs. 5.8%, p < 0.001), and underwent more gastrointestinal surgeries (16.4% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.002). The incidence rate ratio for the development of new colonic polyps was 6.15 (95% confidence interval 3.93-9.63, p < 0.001) in the DCV-positive group compared to the DCV-negative group, with an average of 12.2 versus 2 new polyps for every year of follow-up. There was no difference in the burden of polyps between patients with SMAD4 and BMPR1A mutations. CONCLUSIONS: This largest international cohort of pediatric JPS revealed that DCV-positive and DCV-negative children exhibit distinct clinical phenotype. These findings suggest a potential need of differentiated surveillance strategies based upon mutation status.
- Klíčová slova
- JPS, hamartomatous‐polyp, pediatric,
- MeSH
- dědičné nádorové syndromy * genetika MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fenotyp * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mutace * MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- protein Smad4 * genetika MeSH
- receptory morfogenetických kostních proteinů typu I * genetika MeSH
- střevní polypóza * genetika vrozené MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- BMPR1A protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
- protein Smad4 * MeSH
- receptory morfogenetických kostních proteinů typu I * MeSH
- SMAD4 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
The recent World Health Organization (WHO) guideline aims to provide evidence-based recommendations on complementary feeding (CF) of healthy term infants and young children 6-23 months living in low-, middle-, and high-income countries, including both breastfed and non-breastfed children. Like WHO, our organizations aim to promote optimal infant and young child nutrition and health, with a focus on promoting breastfeeding as well as appropriate and timely CF. In this paper, we share our concerns about aspects of the guideline, some of which may have the potential to cause unintended harm in infants and young children and suggest alternative or modified proposals.
- Klíčová slova
- animal milk, breastfeeding, complementary foods, food allergy, recommendation,
- MeSH
- fyziologie výživy kojenců * MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kojení * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
- Světová zdravotnická organizace * MeSH
- výživová politika MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Stratified and precision nutrition refers to disease management or prevention of disease onset, based on dietary interventions tailored to a person's characteristics, biology, gut microbiome, and environmental exposures. Such treatment models may lead to more effective management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and reduce risk of disease development. This societal position paper aimed to report advances made in stratified and precision nutritional therapy in IBD. Following a structured literature search, limited to human studies, we identified four relevant themes: (a) nutritional epidemiology for risk prediction of IBD development, (b) food-based dietary interventions in IBD, (c) exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) for Crohn's disease (CD) management, and (d) pre- and probiotics for IBD management. There is scarce literature upon which we can make recommendations for precision or stratified dietary therapy for IBD, both for risk of disease development and disease management. Certain single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism may modify the effect dietary PUFA have in increasing the risk of IBD development. Non-colonic CD, mild-to-moderate CD, and high microbiota richness may predict success of EEN and may be used both for prediction of treatment continuation, but also for early cessation in nonresponders. There is currently insufficient evidence to make recommendations for precision or stratified dietary therapy for patients with established IBD. Despite the great interest in stratified and precision nutrition, we currently lack data to support conclusive recommendations. Replication of early findings by independent research groups and within structured clinical interventions is required.
- Klíčová slova
- exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), precision nutrition, prediction, stratified nutrition,
- MeSH
- Crohnova nemoc * terapie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty * terapie MeSH
- indukce remise MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pomocný zdravotnický personál MeSH
- translační biomedicínský výzkum MeSH
- veřejné mínění MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The Cow's Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMISS) is an awareness tool for evaluating cow's milk-related symptoms in otherwise healthy infants <1 year of age. This study assessed whether replacing the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) with the Brussels Infants and Toddlers Stool Scale (BITSS) in non-toilet-trained infants would modify the overall CoMiSS and change the clinical approach regarding potential cow's milk allergy. METHODS: Non-toilet-trained infants aged <13 months were assessed by CoMiSS using the 7 images from the BSFS (CoMiSS-BSFS) compared to the 4 images of stools from BITSS (CoMiSS-BITSS). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Pearson correlation coefficient were calculated. A post hoc analysis using identical tests was performed in subsets of CoMiSS-BSFS scores ≥10, ≥12, ≤5, and ≥6. RESULTS: Eight hundred forty-four pairwise scores were collected. Applying the Wilcoxon test over the complete dataset, the difference between CoMiSS-BSFS and CoMiSS-BITSS was statistically significant ( P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the subsets with CoMiSS-BSFS ≥10, ≥12, and ≥6 ( P = 0.84, P = 0.48, and P = 0.81, respectively). The significant difference remained restricted to the group with CoMiSS-BSFS ≤5, considered at low risk for CM-related symptoms ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Replacing BSFS with BITSS does not change the cutoff for awareness of possible CM-related symptoms and will not impact the use of CoMiSS in clinical practice. Changes in CoMiSS remained limited to the subgroup with a low risk for CM-related symptoms.
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is the leading cause of intestinal failure (IF) in children. The mainstay of treatment for IF is parenteral nutrition (PN). The aim of this position paper is to review the available evidence on managing SBS and to provide practical guidance to clinicians dealing with this condition. All members of the Nutrition Committee of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) contributed to this position paper. Some renowned experts in the field joined the team to guide with their experience. A systematic literature search was performed from 2005 to May 2021 using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. In the absence of evidence, recommendations reflect the expert opinion of the authors. Literature on SBS mainly consists of retrospective single-center experience, thus most of the current papers and recommendations are based on expert opinion. All recommendations were voted on by the expert panel and reached >90% agreement. The first part of this position paper focuses on the physiological mechanism of intestinal adaptation after surgical resection. It subsequently provides some clinical practice recommendations for the primary management of children with SBS from surgical resection until discharged home on PN.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- gastroenterologie * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- propuštění pacienta MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- syndrom krátkého střeva * chirurgie MeSH
- systematický přehled jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is the leading cause of intestinal failure (IF) in children. The preferred treatment for IF is parenteral nutrition which may be required until adulthood. The aim of this position paper is to review the available evidence on managing SBS and to provide practical guidance to clinicians dealing with this condition. All members of the Nutrition Committee of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) contributed to this position paper. Some renowned experts in the field joined the team to guide with their expertise. A systematic literature search was performed from 2005 to May 2021 using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. In the absence of evidence, recommendations reflect the expert opinion of the authors. Literature on SBS mainly consists of retrospective single-center experience, thus most of the current papers and recommendations are based on expert opinion. All recommendations were voted on by the expert panel and reached >90% agreement. This second part of the position paper is dedicated to the long-term management of children with SBS-IF. The paper mainly focuses on how to achieve intestinal rehabilitation, treatment of complications, and on possible surgical and medical management to increase intestinal absorption.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
- vakcína BNT162 MeSH
- vakcíny proti COVID-19 * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- komentáře MeSH
- Názvy látek
- vakcína BNT162 MeSH
- vakcíny proti COVID-19 * MeSH
OBJECTIVES: To review the current literature and develop consensus conclusions and recommendations on nutrient intakes and nutritional practice in preterm infants with birthweight <1800 g. METHODS: The European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee of Nutrition (CoN) led a process that included CoN members and invited experts. Invited experts with specific expertise were chosen to represent as broad a geographical spread as possible. A list of topics was developed, and individual leads were assigned to topics along with other members, who reviewed the current literature. A single face-to-face meeting was held in February 2020. Provisional conclusions and recommendations were developed between 2020 and 2021, and these were voted on electronically by all members of the working group between 2021 and 2022. Where >90% consensus was not achieved, online discussion meetings were held, along with further voting until agreement was reached. RESULTS: In general, there is a lack of strong evidence for most nutrients and topics. The summary paper is supported by additional supplementary digital content that provide a fuller explanation of the literature and relevant physiology: introduction and overview; human milk reference data; intakes of water, protein, energy, lipid, carbohydrate, electrolytes, minerals, trace elements, water soluble vitamins, and fat soluble vitamins; feeding mode including mineral enteral feeding, feed advancement, management of gastric residuals, gastric tube placement and bolus or continuous feeding; growth; breastmilk buccal colostrum, donor human milk, and risks of cytomegalovirus infection; hydrolyzed protein and osmolality; supplemental bionutrients; and use of breastmilk fortifier. CONCLUSIONS: We provide updated ESPGHAN CoN consensus-based conclusions and recommendations on nutrient intakes and nutritional management for preterm infants.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- enterální výživa MeSH
- gastroenterologie * MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mateřské mléko MeSH
- novorozenec nedonošený * MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- vitaminy MeSH
- voda MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- vitaminy MeSH
- voda MeSH
