This work reviews biofilm investigation techniques and highlights the benefits and drawbacks of each approach focusing especially on Pseudomonas syringae and may serve as a comprehensive guide for any early-career researchers starting with the topic of biofilm. Each approach with applications of individual microscopy and spectroscopy techniques is summarized together with characterization of Pseudomonas syringae and its role in pathogenesis.
- Klíčová slova
- Pseudomonas syringae, Biofilm, microscopy, plant pathogen, plant-microbe interaction,
- MeSH
- biofilmy * MeSH
- nemoci rostlin MeSH
- Pseudomonas syringae * genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Lactulose is commonly used in pharmacy for constipation and hepatic encephalopathy treatment. The prebiotic effect of lactulose is also often mentioned. However, its cryoprotective effect in combination with lecithin on the main representatives of probiotics has not been tested yet. The 12 taxa of bifidobacteria and Lactobacillaceae members were used for the purpose. These were mixed in a ratio of 1:1 with lactulose + lecithin (finally 5.0% and 1.25%, respectively; LL). The 25% glycerol (G+) solution and cultures themselves were applied as positive and negative controls, respectively. Bacterial suspensions were stored at a mild freezing temperature (-20°C) until the end of the experiment (210th day). The LL solution had a comparable (insignificant difference at the P-value = 0.05) cryoprotective effect as the positive control in five of six bifidobacteria and in three of six representatives of Lactobacillaceae. The better cryoprotective effect was revealed in other Lactobacillaceae. At the end of the experiment, the generally accepted therapeutic minimum (>107 Colony Forming Units/mL) was determined in LL solution in five bifidobacteria and four Lactobacillaceae strains. The presented results improve knowledge about long-term mild cryopreservation of the most commonly used probiotics and could contribute to developing new forms of (nutri)synbiotics.
- Klíčová slova
- Lactobacillaceae, bifidobacteria, cryoprotective agents, lactulose, lecithin, long-term preservation, synbiotics,
- MeSH
- Bifidobacterium MeSH
- Glycine max MeSH
- kryoprotektivní látky farmakologie MeSH
- Lactobacillaceae MeSH
- laktulosa * terapeutické užití MeSH
- lecitiny MeSH
- probiotika * terapeutické užití MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kryoprotektivní látky MeSH
- laktulosa * MeSH
- lecitiny MeSH
We studied the disinfection efficacy of boron-doped electrodes on Escherichia coli-contaminated water-based solutions in three different electrolytes, physiological solution (NaCl), phosphate buffer (PB), and phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The effect of the electrochemical oxidation treatment on the bacteria viability was studied by drop and spread plate cultivation methods, and supported by optical density measurements. We have found that bacterial suspensions in NaCl and PBS underwent a total inactivation of all viable bacteria within 10 min of the electrochemical treatment. By contrast, experiments performed in the PB showed a relatively minor decrease of viability by two orders of magnitude after 2 h of the treatment, which is almost comparable with the untreated control. The enhanced bacterial inactivation was assigned to reactive chlorine species, capable of penetrating the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and killing bacteria from within.
- Klíčová slova
- Escherichia coli, boron-doped diamond, chloride-based electrolyte, chloride-free electrolyte, water disinfection,
- MeSH
- bor * chemie farmakologie MeSH
- chlorid sodný farmakologie MeSH
- elektrody MeSH
- elektrolyty farmakologie MeSH
- Escherichia coli K12 * MeSH
- Escherichia coli MeSH
- fosfáty farmakologie MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- bor * MeSH
- chlorid sodný MeSH
- elektrolyty MeSH
- fosfáty MeSH
We evaluated the prevalence and epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates in pigs during production cycle on a Czech farm with the history of previous use of ceftiofur. ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were obtained from rectal swabs from pigs of different age groups (suckling piglets, weaned piglets, growers and sows). Collected samples were directly cultivated on MacConkey agar with cefotaxime (2 mg l-1 ), whereas intestinal swabs of slaughtered pigs and surface swabs from pig carcasses were also pre-enriched in buffered peptone water without antimicrobials before the cultivation. Clonal relationship of selected isolates was determined by XbaI pulse-field gel electrophoresis and multi-locus sequence typing. The transferability of plasmids carrying blaCTX-M genes was tested by conjugation experiments. From all examined samples, 141 (43·7%, n = 323) were positive for ESBL-producing E. coli. All ESBL-producing isolates showed resistance to multiple antimicrobials and were positive for blaCTX-M genes. The blaCTX-M-1 was carried by conjugative IncN/ST1 plasmids (c. 40-45 kb) while the blaCTX-M-15 was located on conjugative F plasmids with F:18:A5:B1 formula (c. 165 kb). This study demonstrated the persistence of CTX-M-positive E. coli isolates 2 months after banner of ceftiofur usage and indicated possible risk of transmission of these isolates to humans via the food chain.
- Klíčová slova
- Escherichia coli, antibiotic resistance, ceftiofur, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, plasmids,
- MeSH
- beta-laktamasy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Escherichia coli enzymologie genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- farmy MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli mikrobiologie patofyziologie veterinární MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
- nemoci prasat mikrobiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- plazmidy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- prasata růst a vývoj mikrobiologie MeSH
- proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- beta-lactamase CTX-M, E coli MeSH Prohlížeč
- beta-laktamasy MeSH
- proteiny z Escherichia coli MeSH
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are nosocomial pathogens of increasing medical importance. This study involved 121 VRE selectively obtained from a representative set of 1464 samples collected from various sources in the north-eastern part of the Czech Republic. In total, 119 VRE belonged to Enterococcus faecium and two to Enterococcus faecalis. All isolates of E. faecium were resistant to at least three antibiotic classes. The resistance genes vanA, erm(B), tet(M), tet(L), aac(3)-IIIa and aac(6')-aph(2'') were detected. We assigned the E. faecium to sequence types ST5, ST18, ST38, ST64, ST92, ST273, ST549 and ST640. In E. faecium isolates, we identified the presence of replicases rep20p LG 1 , rep2p RE 25 , rep17p RUM , rep21p VEF 1/2 and rep14p RI 1 , as well as relaxases relp EF 1 , relp LG 1 , relp CIZ 2 , relp RE 25 and relp RUM . The presence of the toxin-antitoxin system axe-txe was detected mainly among isolates of hospital origin. The A and D types of transposon Tn1546 were those occurring most frequently. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first extensive study of vancomycin-resistant enterococci of diverse origin in a single well-defined area of the Czech Republic. The isolates were investigated for their antibiotic resistance, epidemiological characteristics and plasmid characteristics. Based on the results obtained, we can make assumptions as to the ways that vancomycin resistance is disseminated throughout the environment including humans and animals.
- Klíčová slova
- VRE, antibiotic resistance, glycopeptides, one health, plasmids,
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika MeSH
- Enterococcus faecalis účinky léků genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Enterococcus faecium účinky léků genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- enterokoky rezistentní vůči vankomycinu klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- grampozitivní bakteriální infekce epidemiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plazmidy genetika MeSH
- rezistence na vankomycin genetika MeSH
- systémy toxin-antitoxin genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antibakteriální látky MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny MeSH
Saccharomyces kudriavzevii is a nonconventional and rather osmosensitive yeast with a high potential of use in fermentation processes. To elucidate the basis of its relative osmosensitivity, the role of the STL1 gene encoding a putative glycerol uptake system was studied. Under higher osmotic pressure, the addition of a low amount of glycerol to the growth medium improved the growth of S. kudriavzevii and the expression of the STL1 gene was highly induced. Deletion of this gene decreased the strain's ability to grow in the presence of higher concentrations of salts and other solutes. Moreover, the mutant had a disturbed homeostasis of intracellular pH. Expression of the SkSTL1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae complemented the osmosensitivity of the S. cerevisiae hog1Δ stl1Δ mutant, and the gene's tagging with GFP localized its product to the plasma membrane. Altogether, a deficiency in glycerol uptake did not seem to be the reason for S. kudriavzevii's low osmotolerance; its Stl1 transporter properly contributes to the regulation of intracellular pH and is crucial to its survival of osmotic stress. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: An increasing demand for food products with benefits for human health turns the attention to less-exploited nonconventional yeasts with interesting traits not found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Among them, Saccharomyces kudriavzevii has good potential for aroma-compound production, fermentations and other biotechnological applications, but it is less adapted to stressful industrial conditions. This report studied S. kudriavzevii relative osmosensitivity and its capacity for active glycerol uptake. The results obtained (on the activity and physiological function of S. kudriavzevii glycerol transporter) may contribute to a further engineering of this species aiming to improve its osmotolerance.
- Klíčová slova
- STL1, glycerol uptake, intracellular pH, osmotolerance, yeast,
- MeSH
- biologický transport genetika fyziologie MeSH
- buněčná membrána metabolismus MeSH
- delece genu MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- fyziologický stres fyziologie MeSH
- glycerol metabolismus MeSH
- membránové transportní proteiny genetika MeSH
- mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy genetika MeSH
- osmotický tlak fyziologie MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny genetika MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae klasifikace genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- glycerol MeSH
- HOG1 protein, S cerevisiae MeSH Prohlížeč
- membránové transportní proteiny MeSH
- mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny MeSH
- STL1 protein, S cerevisiae MeSH Prohlížeč
UNLABELLED: The spread of antimicrobial resistance from human activity derived sources to natural habitats implicates wildlife as potential vectors of antimicrobial resistance transfer. Wild birds, including corvid species can disseminate mobile genetic resistance determinants through faeces. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates obtained from winter roosting sites of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and common ravens (Corvus corax) in Canada. Faecal swabs were collected at five roosting sites across Canada. Selective media isolation and multiplex PCR screening was utilized to identify PMQR genes followed by gene sequencing, pulse-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing to characterize isolates. Despite the low prevalence of E. coli containing PMQR (1·3%, 6/449), qnrS1, qnrB19, qnrC, oqxAB and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes were found in five sequence types (ST), including E. coli ST 131. Conversely, one isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae contained the plasmid-mediated resistance gene qnrB19. Five different K. pneumoniae STs were identified, including two novel types. The occurrence of PMQR genes and STs of public health significance in E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae recovered from corvids gives further evidence of the anthropogenic derived dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants at the human activity-wildlife-environment interface. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study examined large corvids as possible vector species for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in indicator and pathogenic bacteria as a means to assess the anthropogenic dissemination of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. Although rare, PMQR genes were found among corvid populations across Canada. The clinically important Escherichia coli strain ST131 containing aac(6')-Ib-cr gene along with a four-class phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern as well as one Klebsiella pneumoniae strain containing a qnrB19 gene were identified in one geographical location. Corvids are a viable vector for the circulation of PMQR genes and clinically important clones in wide-ranging environments.
- Klíčová slova
- E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, PMQR genes, ST131, antimicrobial resistance,
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence genetika MeSH
- chinolony farmakologie MeSH
- Escherichia coli účinky léků genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- infekce bakteriemi rodu Klebsiella farmakoterapie mikrobiologie MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli farmakoterapie mikrobiologie MeSH
- Klebsiella pneumoniae účinky léků genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
- nemoci ptáků farmakoterapie mikrobiologie MeSH
- plazmidy genetika MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- vrány mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Kanada MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antibakteriální látky MeSH
- chinolony MeSH
UNLABELLED: This work investigates the potential bioconversion of spent coffee grounds (SCG) into lactic acid (LA). SCG were hydrolysed by a combination of dilute acid treatment and subsequent application of cellulase. The SCG hydrolysate contained a considerable amount of reducing sugars (9·02 ± 0·03 g l-1 , glucose; 26·49 ± 0·10 g l-1 galactose and 2·81 ± 0·07 g l-1 arabinose) and it was used as a substrate for culturing several lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and LA-producing Bacillus coagulans. Among the screened micro-organisms, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CCM 1825 was identified as the most promising producer of LA on a SCG hydrolysate. Despite the inhibitory effect exerted by furfural and phenolic compounds in the medium, reasonably high LA concentrations (25·69 ± 1·45 g l-1 ) and yields (98%) were gained. Therefore, it could be demonstrated that SCG is a promising raw material for the production of LA and could serve as a feedstock for the sustainable large-scale production of LA. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Spent coffee grounds (SCG) represent solid waste generated in millions of tonnes by coffee-processing industries. Their disposal represents a serious environmental problem; however, SCG could be valorized within a biorefinery concept yielding various valuable products. Herein, we suggest that SCG can be used as a complex carbon source for the lactic acid production.
- Klíčová slova
- Lactobacillus, biotechnology, fermentation, lactic acid, lactic acid bacteria, spent coffee grounds, waste,
- MeSH
- Bacillus coagulans enzymologie metabolismus MeSH
- bioreaktory mikrobiologie MeSH
- biotechnologie MeSH
- celulasa metabolismus MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- hydrolýza MeSH
- káva chemie metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina mléčná biosyntéza MeSH
- Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus enzymologie metabolismus MeSH
- odpadky - odstraňování metody MeSH
- tuhý odpad MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- celulasa MeSH
- káva MeSH
- kyselina mléčná MeSH
- tuhý odpad MeSH
UNLABELLED: The chicken feather hydrolysate (FH) has been tested as a potential complex nitrogen source for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Cupriavidus necator H16 when waste frying oil was used as a carbon source. The addition of FH into the mineral salt media with decreased inorganic nitrogen source concentration improved the yields of biomass and polyhydrohyalkanoates. The highest yields were achieved when 10 vol.% of FH prepared by microwave-assisted alkaline hydrolysis of 60 g l-1 feather was added. In this case, the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) yields were improved by more than about 50% as compared with control cultivation. A positive impact of FH was also observed for accumulation of copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) when sodium propionate was used as a precursor. The copolymer has superior processing and mechanical properties in comparison with PHB homopolymer. The application of FH eliminated the inhibitory effect of propionate and resulted in altered content of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) in copolymer. Therefore, the hydrolysed feather can serve as an excellent complex source of nitrogen for the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production. Moreover, by the combination of two inexpensive types of waste, such as waste frying oil and feather hydrolysate, it is possible to produce PHA with substantially improved efficiency and sustainability. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT THE STUDY: Millions of tons of feathers, important waste product of poultry-processing industry, are disposed off annually without any further benefits. Thus, there is an inevitable need for new technologies that enable ecologically and economically sensible processing of this waste. Herein, we report that alkali-hydrolysed feathers can be used as a complex nitrogen source considerably improving polyhydroxyalkanoates production on waste frying oil employing Cupriavidus necator.
- Klíčová slova
- Cupriavidus necator, complex nitrogen source, feather valorization, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), polyhydroxyalkanoates, waste frying oil,
- MeSH
- aminokyseliny analýza MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- Cupriavidus necator metabolismus MeSH
- dusík metabolismus MeSH
- hydrolýza MeSH
- hydroxybutyráty metabolismus MeSH
- kur domácí MeSH
- kyseliny pentanové metabolismus MeSH
- odpad tekutý - odstraňování MeSH
- oleje rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- peří chemie MeSH
- polyestery metabolismus MeSH
- polyhydroxyalkanoáty biosyntéza MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- aminokyseliny MeSH
- beta-hydroxyvaleric acid MeSH Prohlížeč
- dusík MeSH
- hydroxybutyráty MeSH
- kyseliny pentanové MeSH
- oleje rostlin MeSH
- poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate MeSH Prohlížeč
- polyestery MeSH
- polyhydroxyalkanoáty MeSH
- uhlík MeSH
UNLABELLED: The need for suitable selective cultivation media for the isolation of Bifidobacterium spp. continues to be a real concern in the field of intestinal microbiology. Isolation of bifidobacteria from human and animal faecal samples using selective agar plating may be problematic especially in samples with increased clostridial counts than bifidobacterial counts. Due to the absence of anticlostridial agents in existing selective media, clostridia can displace bifidobacteria resulting in incorrect estimation of their counts. Therefore, we supplemented the existing selective medium 'modified Wilkins Chalgren agar with mupirocin' (MWM) with 90 mg l(-1) of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ), which was recently proved to act selectively against clostridia. The newly composed 'modified Wilkins-Chalgren agar with 8HQ' (MWMQ) was tested on pure bifidobacterial and clostridial strains, their mixtures, and using faecal samples of mammalian origin; its selectivity was evaluated by genus-specific identification of isolates. The results demonstrated that the presence of 8HQ in this agar eliminated the growth of nonbifidobacterial strains on MWMQ compared to that on MWM, whereas the recovery of bifidobacterial counts was at satisfactory levels. In conclusion, MWMQ could be recommended for bifidobacterial isolation from human and animal faeces especially when bifidobacteria are not numerically dominant and there are chances of clostridial contamination. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Routine isolation of bifidobacteria from mammalian faeces does not use a reliable selective agar with an anticlostridial agent. Overgrowth of clostridia may result in incorrect estimation of bifidobacterial counts. Thus, in order to improve the selectivity of existing media for bifidobacterial isolation, we chose the modified Wilkins-Chalgren agar with mupirocin and supplemented it with 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ), a molecule that shows anticlostridial activity without affecting the growth of bifidobacteria. This newly composed medium showed enhanced selectivity and specificity compared to the original medium and therefore, can be recommended for the isolation of bifidobacteria from mammal faeces.
- Klíčová slova
- 8-quinolinol, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, intestinal microbiota, isolation, selective agar,
- MeSH
- agar farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální nálož účinky léků MeSH
- Bifidobacterium růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Clostridium účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- feces mikrobiologie MeSH
- kultivační média farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mupirocin farmakologie MeSH
- oxychinolin farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- agar MeSH
- kultivační média MeSH
- mupirocin MeSH
- oxychinolin MeSH
