This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 12-week very low-carbohydrate, high-fat (VLCHF) diet and exercise on biomarkers of inflammation in healthy individuals. Since the anti-inflammatory effects of a ketogenic diet have been established, we hypothesized that the VLCHF diet, along with exercise, would have an additional favorable effect on biomarkers of inflammation. Twenty-four healthy individuals were allocated to the VLCHF diet (VLCHF: N = 12, age 25.3 ± 2.0 years, body mass 66.7 ± 9.8 kg, fat mass 21.5% ± 4.9%), or habitual diet (HD: N = 12, age 23.9 ± 3.8 years, body mass 72.7 ± 15.0 kg, fat mass 23.4 ± 8.4 %) group. Biomarkers of inflammation (adiponectin, leptin, and high-sensitive interleukin-6 [hs-IL-6]) and substrate metabolism (glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, triacylglycerides, and cholesterol) were analyzed from blood at baseline and after 12 weeks. The adiponectin-leptin ratio significantly increased in the VLCHF group after the intervention period (ES [95% CL]: -0.90 [-0.96, -0.77], P ≤ .001, BF10 = 22.15). The adiponectin-leptin ratio changes were associated with both a significant increase in adiponectin (-0.79 [-0.91, -0.54], P ≤ .001, BF10 = 9.43) and a significant decrease in leptin (0.58 [0.19, 0.81], P = .014, BF10 = 2.70). There was moderate evidence of changes in total cholesterol (-1.15 [-2.01, -0.27], P = .010, BF10 = 5.20), and LDL cholesterol (-1.12 [-2.01, -0.21], P = .016, BF10 = 4.56) in the VLCHF group. Body weight (kg) and fat mass (%) decreased in the VLCHF group by 5.4% and 14.9%, respectively. We found that in healthy young individuals, consuming a VLCHF diet while performing regular exercise over a 12-week period produced favorable changes in body weight and fat mass along with beneficial changes in serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations. These data support the use of a VLCHF diet strategy for the primary prevention of chronic diseases associated with systemic low-grade inflammation.
- Klíčová slova
- Adipokines, Cholesterol, Exercise, Inflammation, Interleukin-6, Low carbohydrate diet,
- MeSH
- adiponektin krev MeSH
- biologické markery krev MeSH
- cholesterol krev MeSH
- cvičení * MeSH
- dieta s omezením sacharidů * MeSH
- dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- leptin krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- tuková tkáň MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky kontrolované MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- adiponektin MeSH
- biologické markery MeSH
- cholesterol MeSH
- leptin MeSH
Dietary supplementation with calanus oil, a novel wax ester-rich marine oil, has been shown to reduce adiposity in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Current evidence suggests that obesity and its comorbidities are intrinsically linked with unfavorable changes in the intestinal microbiome. Thus, in line with its antiobesity effect, we hypothesized that dietary supplementation with calanus oil should counteract the obesity-related deleterious changes in the gut microbiota. Seven-week-old female C57bl/6J mice received an HFD for 12 weeks to induce obesity followed by 8-week supplementation with 2% calanus oil. For comparative reasons, another group of mice was treated with exenatide, an antiobesogenic glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. Mice fed normal chow diet or nonsupplemented HFD for 20 weeks served as lean and obese controls, respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on fecal samples from the colon. HFD increased the abundance of the Lactococcus and Leuconostoc genera relative to normal chow diet, whereas abundances of Allobaculum and Oscillospira were decreased. Supplementation with calanus oil led to an apparent overrepresentation of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus and underrepresentation of Bilophila. Exenatide prevented the HFD-induced increase in Lactococcus and caused a decrease in the abundance of Streptococcus compared to the HFD group. Thus, HFD altered the gut microbiota composition in an unhealthy direction by increasing the abundance of proinflammatory genera while reducing those considered health-promoting. These obesity-induced changes were antagonized by both calanus oil and exenatide.
- Klíčová slova
- C57Bl/6J female mice, Calanus oil, High-fat diet, Intestinal bacteria composition, Omega-3 fatty acids,
- MeSH
- Bacteria klasifikace genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků * MeSH
- dietní tuky nenasycené aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- exenatid farmakologie MeSH
- feces mikrobiologie MeSH
- hmotnostní přírůstek MeSH
- kolon mikrobiologie MeSH
- látky proti obezitě farmakologie MeSH
- metagenom MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši MeSH
- obezita mikrobiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- oleje aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- potravní doplňky * MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- dietní tuky nenasycené MeSH
- exenatid MeSH
- látky proti obezitě MeSH
- oleje MeSH
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate immune cell functions. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different lipid emulsions (LEs) with supplemented doses of fish oil (FO) on serum cytokine concentration and in vitro cytokine production in patients with intestinal failure on home parenteral nutrition (HPNPs). We hypothesized that FO supplementation would diminish lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine production. Twelve HPNPs receiving Smoflipid for at least 3 months were given FO (Omegaven) for a further 4 weeks. After this cycle, the patients were randomized to subsequently receive 1 cycle with Lipoplus and 1 cycle with ClinOleic for 6 weeks or vice versa plus 4 weeks of added Omegaven after each cycle in a crossover design. Comparison of the baseline LE regimens showed lower LPS-stimulated production of IL-1β in the HPNPs on Lipoplus than on the Smoflipid and ClinOleic regimens, as well as lower IL-8 compared to the Smoflipid regimen. Omegaven reduced IL-8 concentration in serum under the Lipoplus regimen and diminished LPS-stimulated production of IL-1β under the Smoflipid and ClinOleic. IL-6 and TNF-α production was depressed only in those on Smoflipid. Irrespective of the LE used, the HPNPs compared to the healthy controls showed higher IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α concentrations in serum and LPS-stimulated production of IL-6 as well as lower n-6/n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte phospholipids. LPS-stimulated production of IL-6 correlated negatively with the parenteral dose of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid. In conclusion, FO-supplemented parenteral nutrition suppresses in vitro cytokine production.
- Klíčová slova
- Crossover study, Fish oil, Home parenteral nutrition, Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharide stimulation,
- MeSH
- cytokiny krev MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- klinické křížové studie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- parenterální výživa doma metody MeSH
- potravní doplňky MeSH
- rybí oleje aplikace a dávkování krev farmakologie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- tukové emulze intravenózní aplikace a dávkování metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- cytokiny MeSH
- rybí oleje MeSH
- tukové emulze intravenózní MeSH
The aim of this review was to summarize data regarding amaranth as a potential component of lifestyle modification to improve cardiovascular risk profiles by modifying cardiovascular risk factors such as cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension. PubMed was searched for appropriate articles. The main inclusion criteria for articles were as follows: interventions with amaranth; conducted in humans or animals or in vitro; and reported serum lipids and lipoprotein levels, and antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant abilities. The outcome measures were changes in serum lipids and the presence of antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant activity. A total of 33 articles were included herein. Regarding hypolipidemic activity, most studies investigated the effect of intervention with amaranth in animals, and fewer studies were performed in humans. Most studies in animal models demonstrated the ability of amaranth to decrease total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Pilot studies in humans were not convincing regarding amaranth's lipid-lowering activity. Based on this search, it is not clear which constituents are potentially responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect of amaranth. Some authors tend to think that squalene can play a role in this effect, whereas others suggest that different components of amaranth are of greater importance (eg, sterols, oil fractions rich in fatty acids, proteins, amino acids, or fiber) for its hypocholesterolemic effect. It is possible that several constituents are jointly responsible for this action. Regarding the antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant activities, most studies were performed in vitro and showed good potential for all three biological effects. Future research should focus on clarifying the effect of amaranth on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, identifying the constituents responsible for these beneficial effects, and providing more data regarding its use in humans, ideally using randomized controlled trials. The antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant activities found in vitro should be confirmed further in animal or human models.
- Klíčová slova
- Animal, Diet, Dyslipidemia, Human, Nutraceuticals,
- MeSH
- amarant metabolismus MeSH
- cholesterol krev MeSH
- dieta metody MeSH
- jedlá semena metabolismus MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci metabolismus prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipidy krev MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- životní styl * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- cholesterol MeSH
- lipidy MeSH
UNLABELLED: Consumption of antioxidant-enriched diets is 1 method of addressing obesity, which is associated with chronic oxidative stress and changes in the activity/expression of various enzymes. In this study, we hypothesized that the modulation of antioxidant enzymes and redox status through a cranberry extract (CBE)-enriched diet would differ between obese and nonobese mice. The CBE used in this study was obtained from the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ericaceae), a popular constituent of dietary supplements that is a particularly rich source of (poly)phenols and has strong antioxidant properties. The present study was designed to test and compare the in vivo effects of 28-day consumption of a CBE-enriched diet (2%) on the antioxidant status of nonobese mice and mice with monosodium glutamate-induced obesity. Plasma, erythrocytes, liver, and small intestine were studied concurrently to obtain more complex information. The specific activities, protein, and messenger RNA expression levels of antioxidant enzymes as well as the levels of malondialdehyde and thiol (SH) groups were analyzed. Cranberry extract treatment increased the SH group content in plasma and the glutathione S-transferase activity in the erythrocytes of the obese and nonobese mice. In addition, in the obese animals, the CBE treatment reduced the malondialdehyde content in erythrocytes and increased NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (liver) and catalase (erythrocytes and small intestine) activities. The elevation of hepatic NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase activity was accompanied by an increase in the corresponding messenger RNA levels. The effects of CBE on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and redox status were more pronounced in the obese mice compared with the nonobese mice.
- Klíčová slova
- Anthocyanin, Antioxidant enzymes, Cranberry, Malondialdehyde, Mice, Monosodium glutamate–induced obesity,
- MeSH
- antioxidancia aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- dieta MeSH
- erytrocyty chemie MeSH
- glutathiontransferasa krev MeSH
- játra enzymologie MeSH
- katalasa krev metabolismus MeSH
- malondialdehyd krev MeSH
- messenger RNA analýza MeSH
- myši MeSH
- NAD(P)H dehydrogenasa (chinon) genetika metabolismus MeSH
- obezita krev chemicky indukované enzymologie MeSH
- ovoce chemie MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- sulfhydrylové sloučeniny krev MeSH
- tenké střevo enzymologie MeSH
- Vaccinium macrocarpon * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antioxidancia MeSH
- glutathiontransferasa MeSH
- katalasa MeSH
- malondialdehyd MeSH
- messenger RNA MeSH
- NAD(P)H dehydrogenasa (chinon) MeSH
- Noq1 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
- rostlinné extrakty MeSH
- sulfhydrylové sloučeniny MeSH
Specific targets for most obesity candidate genes discovered by genomewide association studies remain unknown. Such genes are often highly expressed in the hypothalamus, indicating their role in energy homeostasis. We aimed to evaluate the associations of selected gene variants with adiposity and dietary traits. Anthropometric parameters, fat mass, dietary intake (total energy, fat, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, and calcium) and 10 gene variants (in/near TMEM18, SH2B1, KCTD15, PCSK1, BDNF, SEC16B, MC4R and FTO) were analyzed in 1953 Czech individuals aged 10.0 to 18.0 years (1035 nonoverweight and 918 overweight: body mass index [BMI] ≥90th percentile). Obesity risk alleles of TMEM18 rs7561317, SEC16B rs10913469, and FTO rs9939609 were related to increased body weight and BMI (P < .005). The FTO variant also showed a significant positive association with waist circumference and fat mass (P < .001). Overweight adolescents had a lower total energy intake (P < .001) but a higher percentage of fat (P = .009) and protein intake (P < .001) than the nonoverweight subjects. There was also a lower calcium intake in the overweight group (P < .001). An association with at least one component of dietary intake was found in 3 of 10 studied gene variants. The MC4R rs17782313 was associated negatively with protein (P = .012) and positively associated with fiber (P = .032) intakes. The obesity risk alleles of BDNF rs925946 and FTO rs9939609 were related to a lower calcium intake (P = .001 and .037). The effects of FTO and MC4R variants, however, disappeared after corrections for multiple testing. Our results suggest that the common BDNF variant may influence dietary calcium intake independent of BMI.
- Klíčová slova
- Adolescence, BDNF, Dietary intake, FTO, Obesity, Single nucleotide polymorphism,
- MeSH
- alely MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- energetický příjem * MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti * MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mozkový neurotrofický faktor genetika MeSH
- nadváha MeSH
- obezita etiologie genetika MeSH
- receptor melanokortinový typ 4 genetika MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti * MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- vápník dietní aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- BDNF protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
- MC4R protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
- mozkový neurotrofický faktor MeSH
- receptor melanokortinový typ 4 MeSH
- vápník dietní MeSH
