OBJECTIVES: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large group of persistent synthetic chemicals widely used commercially. They accumulate increasingly in all environmental components and enter the organisms, including humans. Some of them are associated with the risk of harm to health, among others with metabolic disorders. To test the associations between blood serum levels of PFASs and blood lipid profile as well as metabolic syndrome, we linked human biomonitoring with the Czech Health Examination Survey (CZ-EHES) conducted in 2019. METHODS: A total of 168 participants of the CZ-EHES survey aged 25-64 years were examined including anthropometrical data and analyses for serum PFAS and blood lipid levels. Extended model approach in multiple linear regression models was used for identification of the associations between serum levels of 11 PFASs and lipid profile components. The relation between PFAS serum levels and metabolic syndrome prevalence was tested using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Six PFASs were detected over the limit of quantification in at least 40% cases and were examined in subsequent analyses: perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA). The most dominant was PFOS with the mean value amounting to 4.81 ng/ml. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found a significant positive association between serum PFHxS and blood total cholesterol (p = 0.005) as well as LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.008). Significant positive association was also found between PFDA and HDL-cholesterol levels (p = 0.010). No significant associations were detected between PFASs and triglycerides, and between PFASs and metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: We found some evidence of a significant association between blood serum PFAS levels and blood cholesterol levels. Our results did not confirm an association between serum PFASs and the metabolic syndrome prevalence.

• Klíčová slova
• human biomonitoring, lipid profile, metabolic syndrome, serum PFASs,
• MeSH
• cholesterol MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fluorokarbony * MeSH
• kyseliny alkansulfonové * MeSH
• kyseliny dekanové * MeSH
• kyseliny sulfonové * MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• metabolický syndrom * epidemiologie   MeSH
• sérum MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cholesterol MeSH
• fluorokarbony * MeSH
• kyseliny alkansulfonové * MeSH
• kyseliny dekanové * MeSH
• kyseliny sulfonové * MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí * MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• perfluorodecanoic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• perfluorohexanesulfonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• perfluorooctane sulfonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč

OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to evaluate whether blood cadmium (B-Cd), lead (B-Pb) and mercury (B-Hg) in children differ regionally in 9 countries, and to identify factors correlating with exposure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors performed a cross-sectional study of children aged 7-14 years, living in 2007-2008 in urban, rural, or potentially polluted ("hot spot") areas (ca. 50 children from each area, in total 1363 children) in 6 European and 3 non-European countries. The authors analyzed Cd, Pb, and total Hg in blood and collected information on potential determinants of exposure through questionnaires. Regional differences in exposure levels were assessed within each country. RESULTS: Children living near industrial "hot-spots" had B-Cd 1.6 (95% CI: 1.4-1.9) times higher in the Czech Republic and 2.1 (95% CI:1.6-2.8) times higher in Poland, as compared to urban children in the same countries (geometric means [GM]: 0.13 μg/l and 0.15 μg/l, respectively). Correspondingly, B-Pb in the "hot spot" areas was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.6-2.1) times higher than in urban areas in Slovakia and 2.3 (95% CI: 1.9-2.7) times higher in Poland (urban GM: 19.4 μg/l and 16.3 μg/l, respectively). In China and Morocco, rural children had significantly lower B-Pb than urban ones (urban GM: 64 μg/l and 71 μg/l, respectively), suggesting urban exposure from leaded petrol, water pipes and/or coal-burning. Hg "hot spot" areas in China had B-Hg 3.1 (95% CI: 2.7-3.5) times higher, and Ecuador 1.5 (95% CI: 1.2-1.9) times higher, as compared to urban areas (urban GM: 2.45 μg/l and 3.23 μg/l, respectively). Besides industrial exposure, traffic correlated with B-Cd; male sex, environmental tobacco smoke, and offal consumption with B-Pb; and fish consumption and amalgam fillings with B-Hg. However, these correlations could only marginally explain regional differences. CONCLUSIONS: These mainly European results indicate that some children experience about doubled exposures to toxic elements just because of where they live. These exposures are unsafe, identifiable, and preventable and therefore call for preventive actions. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(3):349-64.

• Klíčová slova
• biological monitoring, cadmium, child, environmental pollutants, lead, mercury,
• MeSH
• kadmium * MeSH
• olovo MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rtuť * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Čína MeSH
• Ekvádor MeSH
• Maroko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kadmium * MeSH
• olovo MeSH
• rtuť * MeSH

Phthalates are mainly used as plasticizers and are associated inter alia with adverse effects on reproductive functions. While more and more national programs in Europe have started monitoring internal exposure to phthalates and its substitute 1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (DINCH), the comparability of results from such existing human biomonitoring (HBM) studies across Europe is challenging. They differ widely in time periods, study samples, degree of geographical coverage, design, analytical methodology, biomarker selection, and analytical quality assurance level. The HBM4EU initiative has gathered existing HBM data of 29 studies from participating countries, covering all European regions and Israel. The data were prepared and aggregated by a harmonized procedure with the aim to describe-as comparably as possible-the EU-wide general population's internal exposure to phthalates from the years 2005 to 2019. Most data were available from Northern (up to 6 studies and up to 13 time points), Western (11; 19), and Eastern Europe (9; 12), e.g., allowing for the investigation of time patterns. While the bandwidth of exposure was generally similar, we still observed regional differences for Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP), and Di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) with pronounced decreases over time in Northern and Western Europe, and to a lesser degree in Eastern Europe. Differences between age groups were visible for Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), where children (3 to 5-year olds and 6 to 11-year olds) had lower urinary concentrations than adolescents (12 to 19-year-olds), who in turn had lower urinary concentrations than adults (20 to 39-year-olds). This study is a step towards making internal exposures to phthalates comparable across countries, although standardized data were not available, targeting European data sets harmonized with respect to data formatting and calculation of aggregated data (such as developed within HBM4EU), and highlights further suggestions for improved harmonization in future studies.

• Klíčová slova
• HBM4EU, exposure, human biomonitoring, phthalates, pollutants,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Within the European Human Biomonitoring (HBM) Initiative HBM4EU we derived HBM indicators that were designed to help answering key policy questions and support chemical policies. The result indicators convey information on chemicals exposure of different age groups, sexes, geographical regions and time points by comparing median exposure values. If differences are observed for one group or the other, policy measures or risk management options can be implemented. Impact indicators support health risk assessment by comparing exposure values with health-based guidance values, such as human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs). In general, the indicators should be designed to translate complex scientific information into short and clear messages and make it accessible to policy makers but also to a broader audience such as stakeholders (e.g. NGO's), other scientists and the general public. Based on harmonized data from the HBM4EU Aligned Studies (2014-2021), the usefulness of our indicators was demonstrated for the age group children (6-11 years), using two case examples: one phthalate (Diisobutyl phthalate: DiBP) and one non-phthalate substitute (Di-isononyl cyclohexane-1,2- dicarboxylate: DINCH). For the comparison of age groups, these were compared to data for teenagers (12-18 years), and time periods were compared using data from the DEMOCOPHES project (2011-2012). Our result indicators proved to be suitable for demonstrating the effectiveness of policy measures for DiBP and the need of continuous monitoring for DINCH. They showed similar exposure for boys and girls, indicating that there is no need for gender focused interventions and/or no indication of sex-specific exposure patterns. They created a basis for a targeted approach by highlighting relevant geographical differences in internal exposure. An adequate data basis is essential for revealing differences for all indicators. This was particularly evident in our studies on the indicators on age differences. The impact indicator revealed that health risks based on exposure to DiBP cannot be excluded. This is an indication or flag for risk managers and policy makers that exposure to DiBP still is a relevant health issue. HBM indicators derived within HBM4EU are a valuable and important complement to existing indicator lists in the context of environment and health. Their applicability, current shortcomings and solution strategies are outlined.

• Klíčová slova
• DINCH, HBM4EU, Human biomonitoring (HBM), Phthalates, Science-policy uptake, indicator,
• MeSH
• biologický monitoring MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kyseliny ftalové * MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• postup MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyseliny ftalové * MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové MeSH
• phthalic acid MeSH Prohlížeč

Characterization of PCB exposure sources for vulnerable population groups is essential to minimize the health effects of PCB exposure. At the same time, it is important to consolidate the knowledge on threshold intakes of PCBs for infants and toddlers to prevent health effects. We estimated total PCB concentrations from birth to 2 years of age in children from Slovak and Czech populations, which continue to have high PCB concentrations in breast milk. Using a pharmacokinetic (PK) model, we characterized dominant PCB exposure sources and estimated new threshold estimated daily intakes (TEDI) (above which adverse effects cannot be excluded) for postnatal PCB exposure in infants and toddlers. In the PK model, concentrations of seven indicator PCBs in breast milk and cord blood samples from 291 mother-child pairs from the Slovak birth cohort, and 396 breast milk samples from Czech mothers we used, together with their physiological characteristics and PCB concentrations from other exposure sources (food, dust, air). The estimated total PCB concentrations in children's blood at different ages were compared with threshold PCB concentrations of 500, 700 and 1000 ng·glipid-1 in serum proposed by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) and the German Environment Agency (UBA), above which possible adverse health effects may be expected. We estimated that up to 20.6% of Slovak children and up to 45.7% of Czech children at two years of age exceeded the threshold value of 700 ng·glipid-1 in blood. Mean TEDIs leading to values of 500 ng·glipid-1 in blood for children up to two years ranged between 110 and 220 ng·kg-1·bw·day-1, varying according to breastfeeding duration. Breast milk and prenatal exposure contributed to 71%-85% of PCBs exposure at two years of age. In contrast, the contributions of PCBs from dust and indoor air were negligible.

• Klíčová slova
• Daily intakes, Human biomonitoring, Infant exposure, Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Safety standards,
• MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kojení MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí * analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• mateřské mléko chemie   MeSH
• nežádoucí účinky léčiv * MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly * analýza   MeSH
• prach MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí * MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly * MeSH
• prach MeSH

BACKGROUND: Perfluoralkylated substances (PFASs) are persistent and bioaccumulative environmental contaminants. They are included on the list of emergent compounds monitored in the frame of HBM4EU project. OBJECTIVES: To analyze PFASs levels in human milk samples collected in the period 2006 through 2017, to follow their time trends, to assess the PFASs exposure in breastfed infants, to calculate the daily intake of PFASs and to compare it with the tolerable daily/weekly) intakes and to quantify risk from exposure using the hazard quotient and hazard index approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A broad spectrum of PFASs were analyzed by means of UHPLC-MS/MS in primipara human milk samples collected in four consecutive time periods 2006, 2010/11, 2014, and 2017; N = 46, 183, 164 and 232, respectively. Mothers living in urban and suburban residences were recruited after their delivery at maternity hospitals, and milk samples were taken within 2 and 8 weeks after delivery. The questionnaire was focused on possible sources of exposure, dietary habits and lifestyle. RESULTS: Only perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoid acid PFOA (in 2017, also perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)) were quantified in more than 90% of analyzed human milk samples. In all sampling periods, the levels of PFOA were higher than those of PFOS (p < 0.05). A significant downward temporal trend (p < 0.001) was observed for both PFOA and PFOS levels. The median concentrations in sampling years 2006, 2010/11, 2014, and 2017 were 0.075, 0.059, 0.035, and 0.023 ng/mL for PFOA and 0.045, 0.031, 0.029, and 0.020 ng/mL for PFOS, respectively. In 2017, PFNA was also quantified in 99% of samples with the median concentration of 0.007 ng/mL. The levels of PFASs correlated with maternal sea fish consumption. No maternal age-related relationship was observed. Using the tolerably daily intake (TDI) values for PFOS and PFOA set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2008, the calculated daily intakes from breastfeeding were clearly below these limits. Using the new, more conservative EFSA Provisional Tolerably Weekly Intake (PTWI) values set in 2018, we demonstrated a considerable exceedance of PTWI, with a hazard index above 1. CONCLUSION: Significant time-related decreasing trends in the PFOS and PFOA levels in human milk were observed. Nevertheless, the body burden of infants from breastfeeding might pose an enhanced health risk to infants when the current PTWI values are applied. These findings strongly support the present EU efforts to phase out PFOA, its salts and PFOA related compounds. Since PFOS exposure there has still been widely detected despite PFOS usage reduction measures, the major exposure routes should be further monitored and, if possible, eliminated.

• Klíčová slova
• Biomonitoring, Daily intake, Human milk, PFASs, Risk assessment,
• MeSH
• biologický monitoring MeSH
• fluorokarbony * analýza   MeSH
• kapryláty analýza   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kyseliny alkansulfonové * analýza   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí * analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřské mléko chemie   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fluorokarbony * MeSH
• kapryláty MeSH
• kyseliny alkansulfonové * MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí * MeSH
• perfluorooctane sulfonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč

In this study we reconstruct the long-term exposure of Czech mothers to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and determine the causes of high contamination of breast milk by indicator PCBs (iPCBs). A data set containing information from more than 1000 primiparous women from the Czech Republic was used, including iPCB concentrations in breast milk, individual physiology and living characteristics. The time series of PCB intakes for the whole period from the beginning of PCB production in 1958 until 2011 were reconstructed. We estimated the individual lifetime exposure of mothers for all iPCBs, i.e. congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180, using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Various model scenarios were investigated to determine the influence of physiology, age at delivery, past dietary exposure, and food composition on concentrations in breast milk for all iPCBs. The highest contributions to the presence of iPCBs in breast milk were observed for food composition. The main factor determining the concentration of higher-chlorinated PCBs (138, 153 and 180) was past exposure. The most important parameter for identification of children's postnatal exposure through breast milk was the time-span from the maximum of the exposure peak to the birth of the child. The current concentrations of iPCBs in breast milk in the Czech population are still high because the maximum of the exposure peak occurred more than 10 years later than in other European countries and was very broad, e.g. covered more than 10 years.

• Klíčová slova
• Breast milk, Dietary exposure, Human biomonitoring, Intake, Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, Polychlorinated biphenyls,
• MeSH
• dietární expozice statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřské mléko MeSH
• matka - expozice noxám statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly MeSH

Knowledge of population exposure to phthalates based on the urinary metabolite levels is of the highest importance for health risk assessment. Such data are scarce in the Czech population. In the study conducted in 2016, six urinary phthalate metabolites were analysed in a total of 370 first morning urine samples of healthy children aged 5 and 9 years, namely mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (5oxo-MEHP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). The two latter mono-butyl phthalate isoforms dominated among all samples with geometric means of 63.0 µg/L (MnBP) and 44.1 µg/L (MiBP), followed by 5OH-MEHP (20.6 µg/L), 5oxo-MEHP (12.9 µg/L), MBzP (3.65 µg/L), and MEHP (2.31 µg/L). Daily intake (DI) of the parent phthalates was estimated using the creatinine-based model. The highest DI values were found for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) (median 2.5 µg/kg bw/day; 95th percentile 7.8 µg/kg bw/day) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (median 2.3 µg/kg bw/day; 95th percentile 8.9 µg/kg bw/day) in 5-year-old children. The tolerable daily intake (TDI) set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was exceeded in case of DnBP (in 1% of 9-year-olds and in 3% of 5-year-olds). Exposure risk was assessed based on hazard quotients calculation and cumulative approach for similar health effect. The combined exposure to four phthalates expressed by hazard index (HI) for reprotoxicity revealed exceeding of HI threshold in 14% of 5-year-olds and in 9% of 9-year-olds. These findings strongly support the need to reduce the burden of children by phthalates.

• MeSH
• dávka bez pozorovaného nepříznivého účinku MeSH
• diethylhexylftalát aplikace a dávkování   analogy a deriváty   moč   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kreatinin moč   MeSH
• kyseliny ftalové aplikace a dávkování   moč   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí aplikace a dávkování   moč   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• školy MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• diethylhexylftalát MeSH
• kreatinin MeSH
• kyseliny ftalové MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate MeSH Prohlížeč
• mono-benzyl phthalate MeSH Prohlížeč
• mono-isobutyl phthalate MeSH Prohlížeč
• monobutyl phthalate MeSH Prohlížeč

OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of Czech children with vitamin D deficiency and examine related factors. METHODS: The study subjects were 419 healthy children aged 5 and 9 years. Severe vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)D level of < 25 nmol/L (3% of children), deficiency as that of 25-50 nmol/L (24% of children), insufficiency as that of 50-75 nmol/L (40% of children) and sufficiency as that of > 75 nmol/L (34% of children). RESULTS: Serum 25(OH)D levels varied mainly with season. The highest levels of 25(OH)D were reached in autumn (median: 79.0 nmol/L), followed by summer (median: 67.8 nmol/L) and winter (median: 56.0 nmol/L). The lowest median value (49.8 nmol/L) was detected in spring. CONCLUSION: Children with sufficiency 25(OH)D levels were more frequently exposed to the sun and exposed a larger part of their body to the sun while spending time outdoors. Levels of 25(OH)D were also associated with using vitamin D supplements within six weeks before sampling.

• Klíčová slova
• 25(OH)D levels, Czech Republic, children, human biomonitoring, vitamin D,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nedostatek vitaminu D epidemiologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• vitamin D krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vitamin D MeSH

BACKGROUND: There is little reliable information on human exposure to the metals platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh), despite their use in enormous quantities in catalytic converters for automobile exhaust systems. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate blood concentrations of Pt (B-Pt), Pd (B-Pd) and Rh (B-Rh) in women from six European and three non-European countries, and to identify potentially influential factors. In addition, molybdenum (Mo) and strontium (Sr) were analysed. METHODS: Blood from 248 women aged 47-61 was analysed by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry under strict quality control. RESULTS: The medians were: B-Pt 0.8 (range <0.6-5.2), B-Pd <5 (<5-9.3), B-Rh <0.4 (<0.4-3.6)ng/L and B-Mo 2.0 (0.2-16) and B-Sr 16.6 (3.5-49) μg/L. Two women with highly elevated B-Pt (242 and 60ng/L), previously cancer treated with cis-platinum, were not included in the data analysis. All elements varied geographically (2-3 times) (B-Pd P=0.05; all other elements P<0.001); variations within each area were generally 5-10 times. Traffic was not associated with increased concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: General population blood concentrations of Pt, Pd and Rh are within or below the single digit ng/L range, much lower than in most previous reports. This is probably due to improved analytical performance, allowing for more reliable information at ultra-trace levels. In general, Mo and Sr agreed with previously reported concentrations. All elements showed geographical and inter-individual variations, but no convincing relationships with self-reported traffic intensity were found. Pt from the antineoplastic drug cis-platinum is retained in the body for years.

• Klíčová slova
• Biomarkers, Biomonitoring, Catalytic converters, Cis-platinum, High-resolution ICP-MS, Human, Metals, Traffic, Women,
• MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molybden krev   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
• palladium krev   MeSH
• platina krev   MeSH
• rhodium krev   MeSH
• stroncium krev   MeSH
• těžké kovy krev   MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• velkoměsta MeSH
• Názvy látek
• molybden MeSH
• palladium MeSH
• platina MeSH
• rhodium MeSH
• stroncium MeSH
• těžké kovy MeSH