Gibberellins are produced by all vascular plants and several fungal and bacterial species that associate with plants as pathogens or symbionts. In the 60 years since the first experiments on the biosynthesis of gibberellic acid in the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, research on gibberellin biosynthesis has advanced to provide detailed information on the pathways, biosynthetic enzymes and their genes in all three kingdoms, in which the production of the hormones evolved independently. Gibberellins function as hormones in plants, affecting growth and differentiation in organs in which their concentration is very tightly regulated. Current research in plants is focused particularly on the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and inactivation by developmental and environmental cues, and there is now considerable information on the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. There have also been recent advances in understanding gibberellin transport and distribution and their relevance to plant development. This review describes our current understanding of gibberellin metabolism and its regulation, highlighting the more recent advances in this field.

• Klíčová slova
• Gibberellin metabolism,
• MeSH
• gibereliny metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolické sítě a dráhy MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• gibberellic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• gibereliny MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH

Jasmonates (JAs) are signals in plant stress responses and development. One of the first observed and prominent responses to JAs is the induction of biosynthesis of different groups of secondary compounds. Among them are nicotine, isoquinolines, glucosinolates, anthocyanins, benzophenanthridine alkaloids, artemisinin, and terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), such as vinblastine. This brief review describes modes of action of JAs in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, nicotine, TIAs, glucosinolates and artemisinin. After introducing JA biosynthesis, the central role of the SCFCOI1-JAZ co-receptor complex in JA perception and MYB-type and MYC-type transcription factors is described. Brief comments are provided on primary metabolites as precursors of secondary compounds. Pathways for the biosynthesis of anthocyanin, nicotine, TIAs, glucosinolates and artemisinin are described with an emphasis on JA-dependent transcription factors, which activate or repress the expression of essential genes encoding enzymes in the biosynthesis of these secondary compounds. Applied aspects are discussed using the biotechnological formation of artemisinin as an example of JA-induced biosynthesis of secondary compounds in plant cell factories.

• Klíčová slova
• Anthocyanins, Artemisinin, Glucosinolates, Jasmonate, Nicotine, Terpenoid indole alkaloids, Transcription factors,
• MeSH
• anthokyaniny biosyntéza   MeSH
• artemisininy metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• biosyntetické dráhy MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• glukosinoláty biosyntéza   MeSH
• metabolické inženýrství MeSH
• nikotin biosyntéza   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekologanin-tryptaminové alkaloidy metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• transkripční faktory metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anthokyaniny MeSH
• artemisinin MeSH Prohlížeč
• artemisininy MeSH
• cyklopentany MeSH
• glukosinoláty MeSH
• jasmonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• nikotin MeSH
• oxylipiny MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH
• sekologanin-tryptaminové alkaloidy MeSH
• transkripční faktory MeSH

The present review summarizes current knowledge of the biosynthesis and biological importance of isoprenoid-derived plant signaling compounds. Cellular organisms use chemical signals for intercellular communication to coordinate their growth, development, and responses to environmental cues. The skeletons of majority of plant signaling molecules, mediators of plant intercellular 'broadcasting', are built from C5 units of isoprene and therefore belong to a huge and diverse group of natural substances called isoprenoids (terpenoids). They fill many important roles in nature. This review summarizes current knowledge of the biosynthesis and biological importance of a group of isoprenoid-derived plant signaling compounds.

• Klíčová slova
• Dimethylallyl diphosphate, Isopentenyl diphosphate, Isoprenoids, Phytoecdysteroids, Plant hormones, Terpenoids,
• MeSH
• brassinosteroidy biosyntéza   MeSH
• cytokininy biosyntéza   MeSH
• gibereliny biosyntéza   MeSH
• kyselina abscisová biosyntéza   MeSH
• metabolické sítě a dráhy MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• terpeny metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• brassinosteroidy MeSH
• cytokininy MeSH
• gibereliny MeSH
• kyselina abscisová MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• terpeny MeSH

Legume mutants have shown the requirement for receptor-mediated cytokinin signaling in symbiotic nodule organogenesis. While the receptors are central regulators, cytokinin also is accumulated during early phases of symbiotic interaction, but the pathways involved have not yet been fully resolved. To identify the source, timing, and effect of this accumulation, we followed transcript levels of the cytokinin biosynthetic pathway genes in a sliding developmental zone of Lotus japonicus roots. LjIpt2 and LjLog4 were identified as the major contributors to the first cytokinin burst. The genetic dependence and Nod factor responsiveness of these genes confirm that cytokinin biosynthesis is a key target of the common symbiosis pathway. The accumulation of LjIpt2 and LjLog4 transcripts occurs independent of the LjLhk1 receptor during nodulation. Together with the rapid repression of both genes by cytokinin, this indicates that LjIpt2 and LjLog4 contribute to, rather than respond to, the initial cytokinin buildup. Analysis of the cytokinin response using the synthetic cytokinin sensor, TCSn, showed that this response occurs in cortical cells before spreading to the epidermis in L. japonicus While mutant analysis identified redundancy in several biosynthesis families, we found that mutation of LjIpt4 limits nodule numbers. Overexpression of LjIpt3 or LjLog4 alone was insufficient to produce the robust formation of spontaneous nodules. In contrast, overexpressing a complete cytokinin biosynthesis pathway leads to large, often fused spontaneous nodules. These results show the importance of cytokinin biosynthesis in initiating and balancing the requirement for cortical cell activation without uncontrolled cell proliferation.

• MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• cytokininy biosyntéza   MeSH
• kořenové hlízky rostlin cytologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin cytologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• Lotus cytologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   MeSH
• Rhizobiaceae fyziologie   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• tvorba kořenových hlízek MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokininy MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

The lipid-derived phytohormone jasmonate (JA) regulates plant growth, development, secondary metabolism, defense against insect attack and pathogen infection, and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as wounding, UV light, salt, and drought. JA was first identified in 1962, and since the 1980s many studies have analyzed the physiological functions, biosynthesis, distribution, metabolism, perception, signaling, and crosstalk of JA, greatly expanding our knowledge of the hormone's action. In response to fluctuating environmental cues and transient endogenous signals, the occurrence of multilayered organization of biosynthesis and inactivation of JA, and activation and repression of the COI1-JAZ-based perception and signaling contributes to the fine-tuning of JA responses. This review describes the JA biosynthetic enzymes in terms of gene families, enzymatic activity, location and regulation, substrate specificity and products, the metabolic pathways in converting JA to activate or inactivate compounds, JA signaling in perception, and the co-existence of signaling activators and repressors.

• Klíčová slova
• Activators, SCFCOI1–JAZ co-receptor complex, amino acid conjugates, biosynthesis, jasmonic acid, metabolism, perception, repressors, signaling.,
• MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• genetická transkripce MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cyklopentany MeSH
• jasmonic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• oxylipiny MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones, regulating a broad range of physiological processes. The largest amount of data related with BR biosynthesis has been gathered in Arabidopsis thaliana, however understanding of this process is far less elucidated in monocot crops. Up to now, only four barley genes implicated in BR biosynthesis have been identified. Two of them, HvDWARF and HvBRD, encode BR-6-oxidases catalyzing biosynthesis of castasterone, but their relation is not yet understood. In the present study, the identification of the HvDWARF genomic sequence, its mutational and functional analysis and characterization of new mutants are reported. Various types of mutations located in different positions within functional domains were identified and characterized. Analysis of their impact on phenotype of the mutants was performed. The identified homozygous mutants show reduced height of various degree and disrupted skotomorphogenesis. Mutational analysis of the HvDWARF gene with the "reverse genetics" approach allowed for its detailed functional analysis at the level of protein functional domains. The HvDWARF gene function and mutants' phenotypes were also validated by measurement of endogenous BR concentration. These results allowed a new insight into the BR biosynthesis in barley.

• Klíčová slova
• barley, biosynthesis, brassinosteroids, mutant, reverse-genetics, semi-dwarf, splicing,
• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• Arabidopsis genetika   MeSH
• brassinosteroidy biosyntéza   MeSH
• cholestanoly metabolismus   MeSH
• exony MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• homozygot MeSH
• introny MeSH
• ječmen (rod) genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• mutageneze cílená MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• brassinosteroidy MeSH
• castasterone MeSH Prohlížeč
• cholestanoly MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

Identification of mutants with impairments in auxin biosynthesis and dynamics by forward genetic screening is hindered by the complexity, redundancy and necessity of the pathways involved. Furthermore, although a few auxin-deficient mutants have been recently identified by screening for altered responses to shade, ethylene, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) or cytokinin (CK), there is still a lack of robust markers for systematically isolating such mutants. We hypothesized that a potentially suitable phenotypic marker is root curling induced by CK, as observed in the auxin biosynthesis mutant CK-induced root curling 1 / tryptophan aminotransferase of Arabidopsis 1 (ckrc1/taa1). Phenotypic observations, genetic analyses and biochemical complementation tests of Arabidopsis seedlings displaying the trait in large-scale genetic screens showed that it can facilitate isolation of mutants with perturbations in auxin biosynthesis, transport and signaling. However, unlike transport/signaling mutants, the curled (or wavy) root phenotypes of auxin-deficient mutants were significantly induced by CKs and could be rescued by exogenous auxins. Mutants allelic to several known auxin biosynthesis mutants were re-isolated, but several new classes of auxin-deficient mutants were also isolated. The findings show that CK-induced root curling provides an effective marker for discovering genes involved in auxin biosynthesis or homeostasis.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis enzymologie   genetika   MeSH
• biologický transport účinky léků   MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• kořeny rostlin enzymologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   MeSH
• semenáček účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce účinky léků   MeSH
• tryptofantransaminasa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokininy MeSH
• indoleacetic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• kyseliny indoloctové MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• tryptofantransaminasa MeSH

Biological activity of secondary metabolites produced by a plant-growth-promoting Pseudomonas fluorescens was evaluated. The strain produced antibiotics phenazine (PHE), 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (PHL) and siderophore pyoverdin (PYO) in standard King's B and succinic acid media, respectively. After extraction, PYO was identified by comparing the UV-spectra and moss-green color development after 'diazotized sulfanilic acid' (DSA) spray in TLC. PHE and PHL were identified by comparing standard compounds on TLC and orange-color development immediately after DSA spray. In vitro antibiosis study of the metabolites revealed their antibacterial and antifungal activity against bacterial test organisms Corynebacterium sp., Mycobacterium phlei and M. smegmatis and test fungi Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. semitectum, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani. A statistically significantly higher plant growth was recorded in siderophore-amended plantlets under gnotobiotic conditions whereas PHE and PHL did not show any plant-growth-promoting activity. These results support the importance of the secondary metabolites produced by the strain P. fluorescens in enhancing plant growth and in controlling fungal and bacterial pathogens.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky biosyntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• antifungální látky metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• Bacteria účinky léků   patogenita   MeSH
• biologické pigmenty biosyntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• fenaziny metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• floroglucinol analogy a deriváty   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• gnotobiologické modely MeSH
• houby účinky léků   patogenita   MeSH
• oligopeptidy * MeSH
• Pseudomonas fluorescens metabolismus   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• rostliny účinky léků   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• siderofory biosyntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• vývoj rostlin MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol MeSH Prohlížeč
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• antifungální látky MeSH
• biologické pigmenty MeSH
• fenaziny MeSH
• floroglucinol MeSH
• oligopeptidy * MeSH
• pyoverdin MeSH Prohlížeč
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• siderofory MeSH

A proteus strain inhibited mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum in vitro. Seed bacterization showed significant plant growth promotion and Fusarium-wilt suppression activity of Phaseolus mungo in a gnotobiotic system. The culture filtrate of this strain exhibited three prominent bands in UV-VIS spectra between 300 and 400 nm. The growth promotion assay of the extracted compound against different indicator organisms indicated the production of a compound related to a 2-oxoacid-type siderophore. The HPLC of the purified ethyl acetate extract of the strains and standard 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate (2-oxoisocaproate) revealed a single peak, similarly as the coinjection of the extract and the standard. The production of siderophore, probably 2-oxoisocaproate, was demonstrated.

• MeSH
• antifungální látky izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• Fusarium účinky léků   patogenita   MeSH
• ketokyseliny izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Proteus fyziologie   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• siderofory biosyntéza   izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alpha-ketoisocaproic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• antifungální látky MeSH
• ketokyseliny MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• siderofory MeSH

Phytohormonal activity (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins) was tested in the supernatant of a culture of Arthrobacter sp. Crude extract of the phytohormonal fraction was used as substrate for the growth of Lactuca sativa seedlings. Treating with bacterial hormones resulted in an increased plant develop- ment. Furthermore, a sharp increase of the acid phosphatase activity was observed in the roots.

• MeSH
• Arthrobacter metabolismus   MeSH
• gibereliny farmakologie   MeSH
• isopentenyladenosin farmakologie   MeSH
• kyselá fosfatasa metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové farmakologie   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• rostliny účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• vývoj rostlin MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• gibberellic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• gibereliny MeSH
• isopentenyladenosin MeSH
• kyselá fosfatasa MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH