Barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs) are one of the most widespread and economically important plant viruses affecting many cereal crops. Growing resistant varieties remains the most promising approach to reduce the impact of BYDVs. A Recent RNA sequencing analysis has revealed potential genes that respond to BYDV infection in resistant barley genotypes. Together with a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on disease resistance in plants, we selected nine putative barley and wheat genes to investigate their involvement in resistance to BYDV-PAV infection. The target classes of genes were (i) nucleotide binding site (NBS) leucine-rich repeat (LRR), (ii) coiled-coil nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR), (iii) LRR receptor-like kinase (RLK), (iv) casein kinase, (v) protein kinase, (vi) protein phosphatase subunits and the transcription factors (TF) (vii) MYB TF, (viii) GRAS (gibberellic acid-insensitive (GAI), repressor of GAI (RGA) and scarecrow (SCR)), and (ix) the MADS-box TF family. Expression of genes was analysed for six genotypes with different levels of resistance. As in previous reports, the highest BYDV-PAV titre was found in the susceptible genotypes Graciosa in barley and Semper and SGS 27-02 in wheat, which contrast with the resistant genotypes PRS-3628 and Wysor of wheat and barley, respectively. Statistically significant changes in wheat show up-regulation of NBS-LRR, CC-NBS-LRR and RLK in the susceptible genotypes and down-regulation in the resistant genotypes in response to BYDV-PAV. Similar up-regulation of NBS-LRR, CC-NBS-LRR, RLK and MYB TF in response to BYDV-PAV was also observed in the susceptible barley genotypes. However, no significant changes in the expression of these genes were generally observed in the resistant barley genotypes, except for the down-regulation of RLK. Casein kinase and Protein phosphatase were up-regulated early, 10 days after inoculation (dai) in the susceptible wheat genotypes, while the latter was down-regulated at 30 dai in resistant genotypes. Protein kinase was down-regulated both earlier (10 dai) and later (30 dai) in the susceptible wheat genotypes, but only in the later dai in the resistant genotypes. In contrast, GRAS TF and MYB TF were up-regulated in the susceptible wheat genotypes while no significant differences in MADS TF expression was observed. Protein kinase, Casein kinase (30 dai), MYB TF and GRAS TF (10 dai) were all up-regulated in the susceptible barley genotypes. However, no significant differences were found between the resistant and susceptible barley genotypes for the Protein phosphatase and MADS FT genes. Overall, our results showed a clear differentiation of gene expression patterns in both resistant and susceptible genotypes of wheat and barley. Therefore, further research on RLK, NBS-LRR, CC-NBS-LRR, GRAS TF and MYB TF can lead to BYDV-PAV resistance in cereals.

• Klíčová slova
• BYDV-PAV, RT-qPCR, barley, gene expression, resistance, wheat,
• MeSH
• ječmen (rod) * genetika   MeSH
• jedlá semena MeSH
• leucin MeSH
• Luteovirus * genetika   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin genetika   MeSH
• nukleotidy MeSH
• proteinkinasy genetika   MeSH
• pšenice genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• leucin MeSH
• nukleotidy MeSH
• proteinkinasy MeSH

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the founder crops of agriculture, and today it is the fourth most important cereal grain worldwide. Barley is used as malt in brewing and distilling industry, as an additive for animal feed, and as a component of various food and bread for human consumption. Progress in stable genetic transformation of barley ensures a potential for improvement of its agronomic performance or use of barley in various biotechnological and industrial applications. Recently, barley grain has been successfully used in molecular farming as a promising bioreactor adapted for production of human therapeutic proteins or animal vaccines. In addition to development of reliable transformation technologies, an extensive amount of various barley genetic resources and tools such as sequence data, microarrays, genetic maps, and databases has been generated. Current status on barley transformation technologies including gene transfer techniques, targets, and progeny stabilization, recent trials for improvement of agricultural traits and performance of barley, especially in relation to increased biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and potential use of barley grain as a protein production platform have been reviewed in this study. Overall, barley represents a promising tool for both agricultural and biotechnological transgenic approaches, and is considered an ancient but rediscovered crop as a model industrial platform for molecular farming.

• Klíčová slova
• Barley, Molecular pharming, Pathogen resistance, Stress tolerance, Transgenesis, Yield improvement,
• MeSH
• biotechnologie * MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny * MeSH
• ječmen (rod) * MeSH
• odolnost vůči nemocem MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The production of doubled haploid (DH) barley plants through anther culture is a very useful yet simple in vitro technique. DH plants derive from divisions of haploid microspores that have undergone a developmental switch under the appropriate conditions. The successive divisions lead to the formation of an embryo or callus rather than the formation of mature pollen grains. Plants that regenerate from these embryos are often either haploid, in which case their chromosome set can be doubled by treatment with colchicine, or spontaneous double haploids. The efficiency of DH plant production is highly variable depending on the genotype of the source material. Despite this limitation, DH plants have been widely used in breeding and research programs. Compared to conventional approaches, breeding strategies that makes use of DH plants achieve a homozygous state, allowing transgene or mutation stabilization in the genome, within a considerably shorter time, thus accelerating workflow or reducing work volume.

• Klíčová slova
• Androgenesis, Anther culture, Barley (Hordeum vulgare), Doubled haploid,
• MeSH
• barvení a značení MeSH
• DNA rostlinná genetika   MeSH
• haploidie MeSH
• ječmen (rod) růst a vývoj   MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• květy růst a vývoj   MeSH
• pyl růst a vývoj   MeSH
• regenerace MeSH
• somatická embryogeneze rostlin MeSH
• sterilizace MeSH
• techniky tkáňových kultur metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA rostlinná MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH

The discovery of radioactivity at the end of the nineteenth century played a key role in a series of historical landmarks that would lead to contemporary mutation breeding in agricultural crops. The aim of the earliest experiments was to test the effects of radiation on living organisms beginning with fruit flies. Exposure of plants to X-rays provided the first incontrovertible proof that phenotypic changes could be induced. Chemicals were a second type of mutagen tested from the 1940s and both forms are used today. This chapter is an overview of some of the historical developments that led to the use of mutagenesis in plants, with a focus on barley, a model species for mutation genetics and breeding as well as a major cereal crop. Perhaps the most well-known examples of mutant barley cultivars are Diamant, Golden Promise, and their hybrids.

• Klíčová slova
• Barley (Hordeum vulgare), Chemical mutagenesis, Mutation history, Radiation mutagenesis,
• MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• ječmen (rod) genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• mutageneze genetika   MeSH
• šlechtění rostlin ekonomika   dějiny   metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

To counter projected reductions in yields of the major crop barley, it is essential to elucidate the mechanisms of its resilience. To assist such efforts, we collected grains from plants grown in fields at 12 testing stations, with suitable temperature and precipitation gradients for identifying environmentally induced changes in their protein and metabolite contents. We then subjected the grains to detailed molecular analysis. The results showed that numerous metabolites and at least a quarter of the grain protein content was modulated by the environment, and provided insights into barley seed production under abiotic stress, including alterations in ribosomal proteins, heatshock protein 70 family proteins, inhibitors, storage proteins, and lipid droplet formation. Potential positive and negative markers of yield were also identified, including the phenolic compound catechin and storage protein levels, respectively. Complementary analyses of barley seedlings and Arabidopsis seeds, respectively, confirmed the role of the identified proteins in abiotic stress responses and highlighted evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. In addition, accelerated ageing experiments revealed that variations in the environment had stronger effects on seed longevity than the genotype. Finally, seeds with the highest longevity differed from the others in gibberellin contents, H2O2 metabolism, and levels of >250 proteins, providing novel targets for improving resilience.

• Klíčová slova
• Abiotic stress, barley, drought, gibberellin, grain protein, longevity, metabolome, proteome, seed development, temperature,
• MeSH
• Arabidopsis * MeSH
• dlouhověkost MeSH
• ječmen (rod) * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• peroxid vodíku metabolismus   MeSH
• semena rostlinná metabolismus   MeSH
• životní prostředí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• peroxid vodíku MeSH

Mitosis and cytokinesis are fundamental processes through which somatic cells increase their numbers and allow plant growth and development. Here, we analyzed the organization and dynamics of mitotic chromosomes, nucleoli, and microtubules in living cells of barley root primary meristems using a series of newly developed stable fluorescent protein translational fusion lines and time-lapse confocal microscopy. The median duration of mitosis from prophase until the end of telophase was 65.2 and 78.2 min until the end of cytokinesis. We showed that barley chromosomes frequently start condensation before mitotic pre-prophase as defined by the organization of microtubules and maintain it even after entering into the new interphase. Furthermore, we found that the process of chromosome condensation does not finish at metaphase, but gradually continues until the end of mitosis. In summary, our study features resources for in vivo analysis of barley nuclei and chromosomes and their dynamics during mitotic cell cycle.

• Klíčová slova
• Hordeum vulgare, 3D nuclear organization, barley, chromatin, chromosomes, confocal microscopy, crops, live imaging, microtubules, mitosis,
• MeSH
• buněčné jádro MeSH
• chromozomy MeSH
• ječmen (rod) * genetika   MeSH
• mikrotubuly MeSH
• mitóza MeSH
• profáze MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Drought is a major environmental stress that affects crop productivity worldwide. Although previous research demonstrated links between strigolactones (SLs) and drought, here we used barley (Hordeum vulgare) SL-insensitive mutant hvd14 (dwarf14) to scrutinize the SL-dependent mechanisms associated with water deficit response. RESULTS: We have employed a combination of transcriptomics, proteomics, phytohormonomics analyses, and physiological data to unravel differences between wild-type and hvd14 plants under drought. Our research revealed that drought sensitivity of hvd14 is related to weaker induction of abscisic acid-responsive genes/proteins, lower jasmonic acid content, higher reactive oxygen species content, and lower wax biosynthetic and deposition mechanisms than wild-type plants. In addition, we identified a set of transcription factors (TFs) that are exclusively drought-induced in the wild-type barley. CONCLUSIONS: Critically, we resolved a comprehensive series of interactions between the drought-induced barley transcriptome and proteome responses, allowing us to understand the profound effects of SLs in alleviating water-limiting conditions. Several new avenues have opened for developing barley more resilient to drought through the information provided. Moreover, our study contributes to a better understanding of the complex interplay between genes, proteins, and hormones in response to drought, and underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to studying plant stress response mechanisms.

• Klíčová slova
• Abscisic acid, Barley (Hordeum vulgare), Drought, Phytohormone, Proteome, Strigolactone, Transcriptome,
• MeSH
• ječmen (rod) * genetika   MeSH
• multiomika MeSH
• období sucha MeSH
• percepce MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• GR24 strigolactone MeSH Prohlížeč

Plant miRNAs are powerful regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, which was repeatedly proved in several model plant species. miRNAs are considered to be key regulators of many developmental, homeostatic, and immune processes in plants. However, our understanding of plant miRNAs is still limited, despite the fact that an increasing number of studies have appeared. This systematic review aims to summarize our current knowledge about miRNAs in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare), which is an important agronomical crop worldwide and serves as a common monocot model for studying abiotic stress responses as well. This can help us to understand the connection between plant miRNAs and (not only) abiotic stresses in general. In the end, some future perspectives and open questions are summarized.

• Klíčová slova
• barley, environmental stress, gene expression, miRNAs, plants, regulation,
• MeSH
• fyziologický stres genetika   MeSH
• ječmen (rod) * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• mikro RNA * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mikro RNA * MeSH

Identification of causal mutations in barley and wheat is hampered by their large genomes and suppressed recombination. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed MutChromSeq, a complexity reduction approach based on flow sorting and sequencing of mutant chromosomes, to identify induced mutations by comparison to parental chromosomes. We apply MutChromSeq to six mutants each of the barley Eceriferum-q gene and the wheat Pm2 genes. This approach unambiguously identified single candidate genes that were verified by Sanger sequencing of additional mutants. MutChromSeq enables reference-free forward genetics in barley and wheat, thus opening up their pan-genomes to functional genomics.

• Klíčová slova
• Barley, Chromosome flow sorting, Gene cloning, MutChromSeq, Mutational genomics, Triticeae, Wheat,
• MeSH
• chromozomy rostlin * MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• ječmen (rod) genetika   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• klonování DNA * MeSH
• mutace * MeSH
• pšenice genetika   MeSH
• rostlinné geny * MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry was applied to evaluate the potential of nontarget metabolomic fingerprinting in order to distinguish Fusarium-infected and control barley samples. First, the sample extraction and instrumental conditions were optimized to obtain the broadest possible representation of polar/medium-polar compounds occurring in extracts obtained from barley grain samples. Next, metabolomic fingerprints of extracts obtained from nine barley varieties were acquired under ESI conditions in both positive and negative mode. Each variety of barley was tested in two variants: artificially infected by Fusarium culmorum at the beginning of heading and a control group (no infection). In addition, the dynamics of barley infection development was monitored using this approach. The experimental data were statistically evaluated by principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis. The differentiation of barley in response to F. culmorum infection was feasible using this metabolomics-based method. Analysis in positive mode provided a higher number of molecular features as compared to that performed under negative mode setting. However, the analysis in negative mode permitted the detection of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside considered as resistance-indicator metabolites in barley.

• Klíčová slova
• Barley, Fusarium head blight, LC-MS/Metabolomics, Mycotoxins,
• MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• Fusarium fyziologie   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• ječmen (rod) metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• metabolomika * MeSH
• metoda nejmenších čtverců MeSH
• nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH