Recent research has shown that an array of religious beliefs can be used to enforce socially normative behaviour, but the application of these theories to other supernatural beliefs, including witchcraft, is still nascent. Across two pre-registered studies in Mauritius, we examine how witchcraft is believed to be caused by envy and how this belief can create and enforce social norms around not causing envy. Data was collected in-person in Mauritius. In study 1 (N = 445), we found that both practicing witchcraft and being motivated by envy or self-interest increase perceptions of harm. These motivations also increase the rate with which people suggest a person was doing witchcraft, with envy having the stronger effect. Belief that someone was doing witchcraft increases the negativity with which one views that person and damages their reputation. In study 2 (N = 292), we found that when a person breaks a norm around causing envy, participants believe that a subsequent misfortune is cause by witchcraft, but not by God. When someone acts selfishly towards others a subsequent misfortune is believed to be caused by God but not witchcraft. This suggests that witchcraft beliefs, but not religious ones, are enforcing norms around preventing envy. Together, these studies suggest that witchcraft beliefs can support locally specific social norms, and that these norms might be different than those supported by religion.

• Klíčová slova
• Envy, Norm enforcement, Religion, Supernatural punishment, Supernatural retribution, Witchcraft,
• MeSH
• čarodějnictví * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• motivace MeSH
• sociální normy etnologie   MeSH
• žárlivost MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Mauricius etnologie   MeSH

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.

• MeSH
• hodnota života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mínění MeSH
• násilí MeSH
• percepce * MeSH
• pochopení MeSH
• pozornost MeSH
• sociální chování * MeSH
• sociální normy * MeSH
• sociální opora MeSH
• vyjednávání MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The results of the three years European Metrology Research Programme's (EMRP) joint research project 'Metrology for processing materials with high natural radioactivity' (MetroNORM) are presented. In this project, metrologically sound novel instruments and procedures for laboratory and in-situ NORM activity measurements have been developed. Additionally, standard reference materials and sources for traceable calibration and improved decay data of natural radionuclides have been established.

• Klíčová slova
• Decay data, In-situ alpha spectrometry, NORM, Natural radionuclides, Radionuclide metrology,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Reliable measurement of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials is of significance in order to comply with environmental regulations and for radiological protection purposes. This paper discusses the standardisation of three reference materials, namely sand, tuff and TiO2 to serve as quality control materials for traceability, method validation and instrument calibration. The sample preparation, material characterization via γ, α and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the assignment of values for both the 4n (Thorium) and 4n+2 (Uranium) decay series are described.

• Klíčová slova
• Environmental radioactivity, Gamma-ray emitting radionuclides, NORM, Reference materials, TENORM,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Industrial processes generate various quantities of waste that can be contaminated with radionuclides of natural origin (naturally occurring radioactive material ('NORM waste')). The efficient management of this waste is essential for any industries affected by NORM waste generation. To obtain an overview of current practices and approaches in Europe, the IRPA Task Group on NORM conducted a survey among task group members and other experts from European countries. The results revealed significant differences in methods and approaches in the European countries. In many countries, landfills are used to dispose of small- and medium-sized quantities of NORM waste with limited activity concentration. But our survey indicated that despite a uniform reference basis for national legislation in Europe, there are different framework conditions for the disposal of NORM waste in practice. In some countries, the disposal is hampered because the interface between the radiation protection system and the waste regime is not yet clearly regulated. Particular practical problems include the lack of acceptance of waste because of the 'radioactivity' stigma and only vague specifications by the legislators on acceptance obligations of the waste management sector.

• MeSH
• nakládání s odpady * MeSH
• odpadky - odstraňování * MeSH
• průmysl MeSH
• radiační ochrana * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

In the realm of multi-class classification, the twin K-class support vector classification (Twin-KSVC) generates ternary outputs {-1,0,+1} by evaluating all training data in a "1-versus-1-versus-rest" structure. Recently, inspired by the least-squares version of Twin-KSVC and Twin-KSVC, a new multi-class classifier called improvements on least-squares twin multi-class classification support vector machine (ILSTKSVC) has been proposed. In this method, the concept of structural risk minimization is achieved by incorporating a regularization term in addition to the minimization of empirical risk. Twin-KSVC and its improvements have an influence on classification accuracy. Another aspect influencing classification accuracy is feature selection, which is a critical stage in machine learning, especially when working with high-dimensional datasets. However, most prior studies have not addressed this crucial aspect. In this study, motivated by ILSTKSVC and the cardinality-constrained optimization problem, we propose ℓp-norm least-squares twin multi-class support vector machine (PLSTKSVC) with 0

• Klíčová slova
• -norm, Cardinality-constrained optimization problem, Feature selection, Least-squares, Multi-class classification, Twin k-class support vector classification,
• MeSH
• metoda nejmenších čtverců MeSH
• strojové učení * MeSH
• support vector machine * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The stages of norm-setting for harmful substances in the air of the working environment in the USSR and on the international scale are expounded. Principal terms and concepts are mentioned, such as maximum admissible concentration, orientative safe level of effect, harmful substance, working environment, threshold of harmful effect, adaptation and compensation, medium lethal dose and concentration, zone of acute and chronic effect, as well as the classification of toxicity and dangerousness, conditions of experiment for the substantiation of MAC and some other data discussed by the member countries of CMEA at the 1st Conference on the problem of "hygienic norm-setting of chemical factors of the industrial environment. Unification of the methods of determining MAC in the air of the working environment and of the methods of control".

• MeSH
• maximální přípustná koncentrace * MeSH
• pracovní lékařství trendy   MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• SSSR MeSH

Hygienic norm-setting of admissible content of noxious chemical substances separately for atmospheric air, the air in industrial plants, water and food products, does not take into account the possibility of combined intake of these substances into the organism. It is therefore necessary to elaborate methodical approaches to the substantiation of unified (complex) norms in hygiene. The author discusses the determination of biological equivalence (isoeffectiveness) of concentrations of chemical substances in different environments on the basis of investigation of the relationship "concentration (dose) - time" as one of the possible methods of assessing the character of a complex action of these substances and one of the approaches to unified hygienic norm-setting.

• MeSH
• chemické znečištění vody MeSH
• environmentální zdraví * MeSH
• hygiena * MeSH
• kontaminace potravin MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch v pracovním prostředí MeSH
• znečištění životního prostředí * analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch v pracovním prostředí MeSH

Hygienic norm-setting of admissible content of noxious chemical substances separately for atmospheric air, the air in industrial plants, water and food products, does not take into account the possiblity of combined intake of these substances into the organism. It is therefore necessary to elaborate methodical approaches to the substantiation of unified (complex) norms in hygiene. The author discusses the determination of biological equivalence (isoeffectiveness) of concentrations of chemical substances in different environments on the basis of investigation of the relationship "concentration (dose) -- time" as one of the possible methods of assessing the character of a complex action of these substances and one of the approaches to unified hygienic norm-setting.

• MeSH
• hygiena * MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• maximální přípustná koncentrace MeSH
• průmysl * MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zákonodárství lékařské MeSH
• zásobování vodou normy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• SSSR MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH

At first glance the nucleus is a highly conserved organelle. Overall nuclear morphology, the octagonal nuclear pore complex, the presence of peripheral heterochromatin and the nuclear envelope appear near constant features right down to the ultrastructural level. New work is revealing significant compositional divergence within these nuclear structures and their associated functions, likely reflecting adaptations and distinct mechanisms between eukaryotic lineages and especially the trypanosomatids. While many examples of mechanistic divergence currently lack obvious functional interpretations, these studies underscore the malleability of nuclear architecture. I will discuss some recent findings highlighting these facets within trypanosomes, together with the underlying evolutionary framework and make a call for the exploration of nuclear function in non-canonical experimental organisms.

• Klíčová slova
• Eukaryogenesis, Lamina, Lamins, Molecular evolution, Nuclear architecture, Nuclear envelope, Nuclear pore complex, Trypanosomes,
• MeSH
• buněčné jádro metabolismus   MeSH
• jaderná lamina metabolismus   MeSH
• jaderný obal metabolismus   MeSH
• jaderný pór metabolismus   MeSH
• komplex proteinů jaderného póru * MeSH
• laminy metabolismus   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• Trypanosoma * metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• komplex proteinů jaderného póru * MeSH
• laminy MeSH