The increasing amount of heavy metals used in manufacturing equivalently increases hazards of environmental pollution by industrial products such as cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles. Here, we aimed to unravel the CdO nanoparticle destiny upon their entry into lungs by inhalations, with the main focus on the ultrastructural changes that the nanoparticles may cause to tissues of the primary and secondary target organs. We indeed found the CdO nanoparticles to be transported from the lungs into secondary target organs by blood. In lungs, inhaled CdO nanoparticles caused significant alterations in parenchyma tissue including hyperemia, enlarged pulmonary septa, congested capillaries, alveolar emphysema and small areas of atelectasis. Nanoparticles were observed in the cytoplasm of cells lining bronchioles, in the alveolar spaces as well as inside the membranous pneumocytes and in phagosomes of lung macrophages. Nanoparticles even penetrated through the membrane into some organelles including mitochondria and they also accumulated in the cytoplasmic vesicles. In livers, inhalation caused periportal inflammation and local hepatic necrosis. Only minor changes such as diffusely thickened filtration membrane with intramembranous electron dense deposits were observed in kidney. Taken together, inhaled CdO nanoparticles not only accumulated in lungs but they were also transported to other organs causing serious damage at tissue as well as cellular level.

• Klíčová slova
• cadmium oxide, electron microscopy, inhalation, kidney, liver, lung, nanoparticles, spleen, toxicity,
• MeSH
• játra metabolismus   patologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• kadmium škodlivé účinky   krev   MeSH
• ledviny metabolismus   patologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nadechnutí * MeSH
• nanočástice škodlivé účinky   chemie   MeSH
• oxidy škodlivé účinky   krev   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• plíce metabolismus   patologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• slezina metabolismus   patologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia škodlivé účinky   krev   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cadmium oxide MeSH Prohlížeč
• kadmium MeSH
• oxidy MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia MeSH

Heavy metal contamination, one of the greatest global problems, not only endangers humans and animals but also negatively affects plants. New trends, the production and industrial applications of metals in nanoforms, lead to release of large amounts of nanoparticles into the environment. However, the influence of nanoparticles on living organisms is not well understood. Cadmium is a heavy metal not essential for plants, and to its phytotoxicity also contributes its chemical similarity to zinc. It has been recorded that zinc at low concentrations reduces the toxicity of cadmium, but our results with ZnO nanoparticles did not proved it. In contrast, ZnO nanoparticles significantly increased the negative effect of cadmium, which was reflected mainly in changes in the content of photosynthetic pigments.

• Klíčová slova
• Cadmium uptake, Carex vulpina, Photosynthetic pigments, ZnO nanoparticles,
• MeSH
• biologické pigmenty metabolismus   MeSH
• Carex (rostlina) účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• fotosyntéza účinky léků   MeSH
• kadmium toxicita   MeSH
• kovové nanočástice toxicita   MeSH
• oxid zinečnatý toxicita   MeSH
• zinek toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické pigmenty MeSH
• kadmium MeSH
• oxid zinečnatý MeSH
• zinek MeSH

Due to the growing number of applications of cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdO NPs), there is a concern about their potential deleterious effects. The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of CdO NPs on the immune response, renal and intestine oxidative stress, blood antioxidant defence, renal fibrotic response, bone density and mineral content. Six-week-old female ICR mice were exposed to CdO NPs for 6 weeks by inhalation (particle size: 9.82 nm, mass concentration: 31.7 μg CdO/m3, total deposited dose: 0.195 μg CdO/g body weight). CdO NPs increased percentage of thymus CD3e+CD8a+ cells and moderately enhanced splenocyte proliferation and production of cytokines and chemokines. CdO NPs elevated pro-fibrotic factors (TGF-β2, α-SMA and collagen I) in the kidney, and concentrations of AGEs in the intestine. The ratio of GSH and GSSG in blood was slightly reduced. Exposure to CdO NPs resulted in 10-fold higher Cd concentration in tibia bones. No differences were found in bone mass density, mineral content, bone area values, bone concentrations of Ca, P, Mg and Ca/P ratio. Our findings indicate stimulation of immune/inflammatory response, oxidative stress in the intestine, starting fibrotic response in kidneys and accumulation of CdO NPs in bones of mice.

• Klíčová slova
• Cadmium oxide nanoparticles, Inhalation, Mice, Nanotoxicology,
• MeSH
• aplikace inhalační MeSH
• buněčná imunita účinky léků   MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• fibróza chemicky indukované   MeSH
• kovové nanočástice aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• ledviny účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• lymfatické uzliny účinky léků   MeSH
• myši inbrední ICR MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• oxidy aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• slezina účinky léků   MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• střeva účinky léků   MeSH
• thymus účinky léků   MeSH
• tibie účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cadmium oxide MeSH Prohlížeč
• cytokiny MeSH
• oxidy MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia MeSH

Cadmium nanoparticles can represent a risk in both industrial and environmental settings, but there is little knowledge on the impacts of their inhalation, especially concerning longer-term exposures. In this study, mice were exposed to cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles in whole body inhalation chambers for 4 to 72 h in acute and 1 to 13 weeks (24 h/day, 7 days/week) in chronic exposure to investigate the dynamics of nanoparticle uptake and effects. In the acute experiment, mice were exposed to 2.95 × 106 particles/cm3 (31.7 μg CdO/m3). The same concentration and a lower one (1.18 × 106 particles/cm3, 12.7 μg CdO/m3) were used for the chronic exposure. Transmission electron microscopy documented distribution of nanoparticles into all studied organs. Major portion of nanoparticles was retained in the lung, but longer exposure led to a greater relative redistribution into secondary organs, namely the kidney, and also the liver and spleen. Accumulation of Cd in the lung and liver occurred already after 24 h and in the brain, kidney, and spleen after 72 h of exposure, and a further increase of Cd levels was observed throughout the chronic exposure. There were significant differences in both Cd accumulation and effects between the two exposure doses. Lung weight in the higher exposure group increased up to 2-fold compared to the control. Histological analyses showed dose-dependent alterations in lung and liver morphology and damage to their tissue. Modulation of oxidative stress parameters including glutathione levels and increased lipid peroxidation occurred mainly after the greater chronic exposure. The results emphasize risk of longer-term inhalation of cadmium nanoparticles, since adverse effects occurring after shorter exposures gradually progressed with a longer exposure duration.

• Klíčová slova
• Accumulation, Cadmium, Glutathione, Lipid peroxidation, Nanoparticle, Oxidative stress, Tissue damage,
• MeSH
• glutathion metabolismus   MeSH
• inhalační expozice škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• játra účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• ledviny účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední ICR MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nanočástice toxicita   MeSH
• oxidační stres MeSH
• oxidy toxicita   MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů MeSH
• plíce účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cadmium oxide MeSH Prohlížeč
• glutathion MeSH
• oxidy MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia MeSH

The environmental fate of airborne nanoparticles and their toxicity to plants is not yet fully understood. Pot-grown barley plants with second leaves developed were therefore exposed to CdO nanoparticles (CdONPs) of ecologically relevant size (7-60 nm) and concentration (2.03 ± 0.45 × 105 particles cm-3) in air for 3 weeks. An experiment was designed to test the effects of different treatments when only leaves (T1); leaves and soil substrate (T2); and leaves, soil, and water supply were exposed to nanoparticles (T3). A fourth, control group of plants was left without treatment (T0). Although CdONPs were directly absorbed by leaves from the air, a part of leaf-allocated Cd was also transported from roots by transpiration flow. Chromatographic assays revealed that CdONPs had a significant effect on total content of primary metabolites (amino acids and saccharides) but no significant effect on total content of secondary metabolites (phenolic compounds, Krebs cycle acids, and fatty acids). In addition, the compositions of individual metabolite classes were affected by CdONP treatment. For example, tryptophan and phenylalanine were the most affected amino acids in both analysed organs, while ferulic acid and isovitexin constituted the polyphenols most affected in leaves. Even though CdONP treatment had no effect on total fatty acids content, there were significant changes in the composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in both the roots and leaves of treated plants. Although the results indicate the most pronounced effect in T3 plants as compared to T1 and T2 plants, even just leaf exposure to CdONPs has the potential to induce changes in plant metabolism.

• Klíčová slova
• Barley, CdO nanoparticles, Gas chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography, Mass spectrometry, Plant metabolites,
• MeSH
• aminokyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• apigenin metabolismus   MeSH
• fenoly metabolismus   MeSH
• ječmen (rod) účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny kumarové metabolismus   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu toxicita   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• listy rostlin účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• nanočástice toxicita   MeSH
• oxidy toxicita   MeSH
• sekundární metabolismus účinky léků   MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia toxicita   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny MeSH
• apigenin MeSH
• cadmium oxide MeSH Prohlížeč
• fenoly MeSH
• ferulic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• isovitexin MeSH Prohlížeč
• kyseliny kumarové MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• oxidy MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia MeSH

Although plants are often exposed to atmospheric nanoparticles (NPs), the mechanism of NP deposition and their effects on physiology and metabolism, and particularly in combination with other stressors, are not yet understood. Exploring interactions between stressors is particularly important for understanding plant responses in urban environments where elevated temperatures can be associated with air pollution. Accordingly, 3-year-old spruce seedlings were exposed for 2 weeks to aerial cadmium oxide (CdO) NPs of environmentally relevant size (8-62 nm) and concentration (2 × 105 cm-3). While half the seedlings were initially acclimated to high temperature (35 °C) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD; 2.81 kPa), the second half of the plants were left under non-stressed conditions (20 °C, 0.58 kPa). Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine Cd content in needles, while gas and liquid chromatography was used to determine changes in primary and secondary metabolites. Photosynthesis-related processes were explored with gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence systems. Our work supports the hypothesis that atmospheric CdO NPs penetrate into leaves but high temperature and VPD reduce such penetration due to stomatal closure. The hypothesis that atmospheric CdO NPs influences physiological and metabolic processes in plants was also confirmed. This impact strengthens with increasing time of exposure. Finally, we found evidence that plants acclimated to stress conditions have different sensitivity to CdO NPs compared to plants not so acclimated. These findings have important consequences for understanding impacts of global warming on plants and indicates that although the effects of elevated temperatures can be deleterious, this may limit other forms of plant stress associated with air pollution.

• Klíčová slova
• CdO nanoparticles, Metabolomics, Norway spruce, Photosynthesis, Primary/secondary metabolites,
• MeSH
• aklimatizace fyziologie   MeSH
• borovice MeSH
• fotosyntéza fyziologie   MeSH
• globální oteplování MeSH
• jedle MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch toxicita   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí metabolismus   MeSH
• listy rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• nanočástice toxicita   MeSH
• oxidy toxicita   MeSH
• semenáček účinky léků   MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia toxicita   MeSH
• smrk účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• teplota * MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cadmium oxide MeSH Prohlížeč
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• oxidy MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia MeSH

It is crucial to fabricate cost-effective and efficient strategies for monitoring and eliminating hazardous metals in the water supplies. Among the many techniques, adsorption is one of the most powerful and facile ways for eliminating pollutants from effluents. It is also crucial to engineering high-performance low-cost adsorbents. In this regard, herein, Fe3O4@SiO2@(BuSO3H)3 as a modified core-shell magnetic silica nanoparticle embodies good selectivity to extract toxic metal ions from aquatic media. The present work investigated the removal performance of the magnetic adsorbent towards Pd2+ cation amongst the other heavy metal ions including Co2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ in aqueous solution. The flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was utilized to assess the removal efficiency of the adsorbent. Several experimental parameters including elution condition, initial Pd(II) concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial pH of the solution, and contact time were explored to achieve the optimal conditions. The data of adsorption were very well with the Langmuir isotherm model, according to the adsorption isotherm mechanism experiments. In conclusion, this study lays the way for the development of novel magnetic adsorbents with high removal efficiencies for the removal of toxic metal ions from aqueous environment.

• Klíčová slova
• Adsorption, Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), Magnetic nanoparticles, Metal extraction, Pd(2+) ion,
• MeSH
• adsorpce MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * analýza   MeSH
• ionty MeSH
• kadmium analýza   MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• magnetické nanočástice * MeSH
• olovo MeSH
• oxid křemičitý MeSH
• rtuť * analýza   MeSH
• těžké kovy * analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• publikace stažené z tisku MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
• ionty MeSH
• kadmium MeSH
• magnetické nanočástice * MeSH
• olovo MeSH
• oxid křemičitý MeSH
• rtuť * MeSH
• těžké kovy * MeSH

A photoelectrochemical biosensor for malate was developed using an indium tin oxide (ITO) layer deposited on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) plastic sheet as a transparent electrode material for the immobilization of malate dehydrogenase together with CdTe quantum dots. Different approaches were compared for the construction of the bioactive layer; the highest response was achieved by depositing malate dehydrogenase together with CdTe nanoparticles and covering it with a Nafion/water (1:1) mixture. The amperometric signal of this biosensor was recorded during irradiation with a near-UV LED in the flow-through mode. The limit of detection was 0.28 mmol/L, which is adequate for analyzing malic acid levels in drinks such as white wines and fruit juices. The results confirm that the cheap ITO layer deposited on the plastic sheet after cutting into rectangular electrodes allows for the economic production of photoelectrochemical (bio)sensors. The combination of NAD+-dependent malate dehydrogenase with quantum dots was also compatible with such an ITO surface.

• Klíčová slova
• electrochemical sensor, flow-through biosensor, fruit juice, malate dehydrogenase, wine,
• MeSH
• kvantové tečky * MeSH
• malátdehydrogenasa MeSH
• maláty MeSH
• sloučeniny cínu * MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia * MeSH
• telur MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cadmium telluride MeSH Prohlížeč
• indium tin oxide MeSH Prohlížeč
• malátdehydrogenasa MeSH
• maláty MeSH
• malic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• sloučeniny cínu * MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia * MeSH
• telur MeSH

The paper presents the development of an advanced extraction and fast analytical LC MS/MS method for simultaneous analyses of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG, respectively) in different animal tissues. The simultaneous determination of GSH and GSSG is crucial because the amount and ratio of both GSH and GSSG may be altered in response to oxidative stress, an important mechanism of toxicity. The method uses the derivatization of free thiol groups in GSH. Its performance was demonstrated for less explored tissues (lung, brain, and liver) in mouse. The combined extraction and analytical method has very low variability and good reproducibility, maximum coefficients of variance for within-run and between-run analyses under 8 %, and low limits of quantification; for GSH and GSSG, these were 0.2 nM (0.06 ng/mL) and 10 nM (6 ng/mL), respectively. The performance of the method was further demonstrated in a model experiment addressing changes in GSH and GSSG concentrations in lung of mice exposed to CdO nanoparticles during acute 72 h and chronic 13-week exposures. Inhalation exposure led to increased GSH concentrations in lung. GSSG levels were in general not affected; nonsignificant suppression occurred only after the longer 13-week period of exposure. The developed method for the sensitive detection of both GSH and GSSG in very low tissue mass enables these parameters to be studied in cases where only a little sample is available, i.e. in small organisms or in small amounts of tissue.

• MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová metody   MeSH
• glutathion analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathiondisulfid analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• inhalační expozice analýza   MeSH
• játra chemie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• kadmium metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• myši inbrední ICR MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nanočástice metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• plíce chemie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glutathion MeSH
• glutathiondisulfid MeSH
• kadmium MeSH

Currently, the influenza virus infects millions of individuals every year. Since the influenza virus represents one of the greatest threats, it is necessary to develop a diagnostic technique that can quickly, inexpensively, and accurately detect the virus to effectively treat and control seasonal and pandemic strains. This study presents an alternative to current detection methods. The flow-injection analysis-based biosensor, which can rapidly and economically analyze a wide panel of influenza virus strains by using paramagnetic particles modified with glycan, can selectively bind to specific viral A/H5N1/Vietnam/1203/2004 protein-labeled quantum dots. Optimized detection of cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs)-protein complexes connected to paramagnetic microbeads was performed using differential pulse voltammetry on the surface of a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and/or glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Detection limit (3 S/N) estimations based on cadmium(II) ions quantification were 0.1 μg/mL or 10 μg/mL viral protein at HMDE or GCE, respectively. Viral protein detection was directly determined using differential pulse voltammetry Brdicka reaction. The limit detection (3 S/N) of viral protein was estimated as 0.1 μg/mL. Streptavidin-modified paramagnetic particles were mixed with biotinylated selective glycan to modify their surfaces. Under optimized conditions (250 μg/mL of glycan, 30-min long interaction with viral protein, 25°C and 400 rpm), the viral protein labeled with quantum dots was selectively isolated and its cadmium(II) content was determined. Cadmium was present in detectable amounts of 10 ng per mg of protein. Using this method, submicrogram concentrations of viral proteins can be identified.

• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• biotin chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• elektrochemické techniky přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• elektrody MeSH
• hemaglutininové glykoproteiny viru chřipky analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• kadmium analýza   MeSH
• kvantové tečky MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• magnetické nanočástice chemie   MeSH
• průtoková injekční analýza přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• rtuť chemie   MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia chemie   MeSH
• streptavidin chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• sulfidy chemie   MeSH
• uhlík chemie   MeSH
• virus chřipky A, podtyp H5N1 chemie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biotin MeSH
• cadmium sulfide MeSH Prohlížeč
• hemaglutininové glykoproteiny viru chřipky MeSH
• kadmium MeSH
• magnetické nanočástice MeSH
• rtuť MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia MeSH
• streptavidin MeSH
• sulfidy MeSH
• uhlík MeSH